By
manish kumar, lovely professional university, On January 10, 2012
Standard cell placement is a NP complete open problem. The main objectives of a placement algorithm are to minimize chip area and the total wire length of all the nets. Due to interconnect dominance, Deep Sub Micron VLSI design flow does not converge leading to iterations between synthesis and layout steps. We present a new heuristic placement algorithm called Sankeerna, which tightly couples synthesis and routing and produces compact routable designs with minimum area and delay. We tested Sankeerna on several benchmarks using 0.13 micron, 8 metal layer, standard cell technology library. There is an average improvement of 46.2% in delay, 8.8% in area and 114.4% in wire length when compared to existing placement algorithms. In this paper, we described the design and implementation of Sankeerna algorithm and its performance is illustrated through a worked out example.
Advances in digital video transmission have increased in the past few years. Security and privacy issues of the transmitted data have become an important concern in multimedia technology. Digital video stream is quite different from traditional textual data because interframe dependencies exist in digital video. Special digital video encryption algorithms are required because of their special characteristics, such as coding structure, large amount of data and real-time constraints. This paper presents a real-time partial encryption to digital video technique depends on Dynamic Dual Key Encryption Algorithm Based on joint Galois Fields which is fast enough to meet the real-time requirements with high level of security. In this technique the I-frame (Intra-frame) of the digital video scene is extracted and decomposed the color picture into its three color channels: luma channel (Y) and two chrominance channels Cb and Cr, with note that the frames of digital video is in YCbCr color system, the Dynamic Dual Key Encryption Algorithm Based on joint Galois Fields is applied to the Y channel. The encryption technique achieves best timing results, and it provides high level of security by its great resistant against brute force attacks.
Tomato is one of the most popular garden vegetable in the world. Tomatoes have high values in Vitamin A and C and are naturally low in calories. Inoculation with plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been attributed to the production of plant growth regulators at the root interface, which stimulate root development and result in better absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of some PGPR on growth and nutrients uptake of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Red Cherry) plants. Seven treatments were used for bacteria (Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Azosprillum, Pseudomonas + Azotobacter, Pseudomonas + Azosprillum, Azotobacter + Azosprillum and Pseudomonas + Azotobacter + Azosprillum) which were compared to control. Plants were cut at prebloom stage. Maximum level of shoot fresh weight was shown on Azotobacter + Azosprillum, Pseudomonas + Azotobacter + Azosprillum and Azosprillum treatments which significantly differed from other treatments. Maximum level of root fresh weight was achived in Azotobacter + Azosprillum, Pseudomonas + Azotobacter + Azosprillum and Azotobacter treatments which significantly differed from other treatments. Maximum level of shoot and root dry weights were achieved on Azotobacter + Azosprillum and Pseudomonas + Azotobacter + Azosprillum treatments. Minimum level of shoot and root dry weights were obtained in Pseudomonas + Azosprillum. Maximum root length was shown on Azotobacter + Azosprillum which significantly differed from other treatments. The highest amount of N, P and K were achieved on Pseudomonas + Azotobacter + Azosprillum treatment and the lowest amount was shown on Pseudomonas + Azotobacter treatment. Maximum level of Ca and Mg were obtained on Pseudomonas + Azotobacter and Pseudomonas + Azosprillum treatments which significantly differ from other treatments.
RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography that is based on the presumed difficulty of factoring large integers, the factoring problem. RSA stands for Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard, who first publicly described it in 1978. A user of RSA creates and then publishes the product of two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value, as their public key. The prime factors must be kept secret. In RSA if one can factor modulus into its prime numbers then the private key is also detected and hence the security of the cryptosystem is broken. The Subset-Sum cryptosystem (Knapsack Cryptosystem) is also an asymmetric cryptographic technique. The Merkle-Hellman system is based on the subset sum problem (a special case of the knapsack problem): An instance of the Subset Sum problem is a pair (S, t), where S = {x1 , x2 , ..., xn} is a set of positive integers and t (the target) is a positive integer. The decision problem asks for a subset of S whose sum is as large as possible, but not larger than t. This problem is NP-complete. However, if the set of numbers (called the knapsack) is super increasing, that is, each element of the set is greater than the sum of all the numbers before it; the problem is easy and solvable in polynomial time with a simple greedy algorithm. So in this paper we present a new algorithm (Modified Subset-Sum cryptosystem over RSA) which is secure against Mathematical attack, Brute-force attack, Factorization attack and Chosen-cipher-text attack on RSA as well as Shamir attacks. This paper also presents comparison between Modified Subset - Sum Cryptosystem and RSA cryptosystems in respect of security and performance.
This paper present a state of art about biometric hand, different techniques used.Biometric is essentially used to avoid risks of password easy to find or Stoll; with as slogan save Time and Attendance. We can note that biometrics is a true alternative to the passwords and other identifiers to make safe the access controls. It makes it possible to check that the user is well the person who it claims to be.
Installing energy efficient led lighting will reduce your power bills and improve your security
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects on students’ academic success of a visual didactic material developed in a computing environment which is believed it will enlighten the sudents during the process of completing the project and the explanation of “the Lighting Technique and Internal Installation Project” course that is taught in the curriculum of the electrical and electronic parts from institutions who are given formal and widely education such as Technical Education and Engineering Faculties, Vocational Colleges, Public Education Centers, Indrustrial Vocational High schools which are the bakcbone of vocational and technical education. In addition, the use of the educational software as in this area as a didactic material that is developed for the mentioned course is determined as a subsequent goal. To test the effectiveness of the developed educational software in the learning process there are two measurement tools for the cognitive dimension developed according experts and accordant findings of these measurement tools the effectiveness is examined.
This paper present a state of art about biometric hand, different techniques used.Biometric is essentially used to avoid risks of password easy to find or Stoll; with as slogan save Time and Attendance. We can note that biometrics is a true alternative to the passwords and other identifiers to make safe the access controls. It makes it possible to check that the user is well the person who it claims to be.
