Free Essays on Enzyme to Get Inspired & Learn by Example

Introduction

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that is most critical in the process of biomineralization (Whitehurst & Law 2002). The enzyme enhances the hydrolysis of substances that constitute phosphates, generates orthophosphate besides enhancing the calcium uptake. Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolytic enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from DNA and proteins. A typical substrate for the enzyme is para-nitrophenol phosphate that is hydrolysed to para nitrophenol by the enzyme. This has an absorbance at 410nm and so activity of the enzyme can be measured spectrophotometrically.
In humans, the main sources of alkaline phosphatase are the liver, bile duct, kidney bone and Continue reading...

Objective: Investigate the effect of increasing temperature on enzyme activity.

Introduction: Enzymes are biological catalyst. All most all the functions in the cell are regulated by these enzymes. Except for RNAase, all most all the enzymes are proteins. Enzymes are very efficient and specific in the reaction they catalyze. All enzymes exhibit four common features: I. Enzymes do not make a reaction to occur; they can only fasten the reaction rate. II. Enzyme molecule is not permanently altered by the reaction, though they may be altered transiently. However at the end of the reaction they emerged unchanged and can be used over and over again. III. Enzyme can catalyze Continue reading...

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Aim:

The objective of this report is to review the steps that were conducted in the PCR directed RFLP evaluation.
Evidence Review
The fundamental technique for the detection of the restriction fragmented length polymorphism entails the segmentation of the DNA sample by applying a restriction enzyme. The process applies the differential in the sequences of the homologous DNA that can be found by the presence of DNA segments subsequent to their absorption. The restriction fragmented length polymorphism probes are applied in the evaluation of variations.

First Extraction

The complete DNA is absorbed with an enzyme that Continue reading...

Introduction

Niemann-Pick Disease represents a group of inherited, genetic disorders, clinically referred to as leukodystrophies, which are more commonly known as lipid storage disorders. In each of the variations of the conditions all share one specific aspect in common, they cause lipids to not be properly metabolizes and inappropriately allows lipids, fats, to accumulate in different organs of the body, including the liver and brain. Over time this accumulations become severe enough that permanent damaged is caused (Kugler, 2014). This condition, due to its genetic origins, is inherited and is often a cause of serious health problems in new infants, Continue reading...

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This lab experiment is aimed at studying the rate of reaction involving enzymes by observing the change in absorbance when the reaction is carried out. This experiment will illustrate both the methods of using the linked assay method.

Introduction

The reaction rate of reactions involving enzymes is studied spectrophotometrically by monitoring the change in absorbance at different intervals during the reaction. The accurate measurement of glucose is important in the diagnosis and management of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The enzymes that will be used in this experiment are Hexokinase (HK) and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PDH). The nicotinamide coenzymes are Nicotinamide Continue reading...

The technological advancement has introduced numerous achievements in the field of biotechnology. Microbial transformation or biotransformation is the phenomenon where living organisms are used in modifying materials that are not frequently used for growth (Donova and Egorova). Apart from animal cells, plant tissues and enzymes, microbial transformation is associated with the reactions under biotransformation. A substance can be transformed into another product through microbial action on the substrate. Studies reported that the utilization of biotechnology in the formulation of steroids was introduced in the year 1952. Murray and Peterson developed 1 lα-hydroxylation using Rhizopus and utilized it effectively Continue reading...

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is the form sickle cell disease (SCD) that is most widely known. In this condition, the body makes red blood cells that are sickle-shaped. Sickle cells have abnormal hemoglobin which causes them to have a sickle-shape. These cells are sticky and stiff, blocking blood vessels, which damages organs and causes pain. This discussion will be based on the genetic predisposition of sickle cell anemia as well as the biochemical processes that occur in the normal and diseased condition.

Different processes in the normal and diseased state

Linus Pauling and associates in 1949 described sickle cell anemia (SCA) as the first “molecular disease” coining Continue reading...

Introduction: Niacinamide is an amide of niacin. It is the active form of the vitamin. Niacin is converted to niacinamide predominantly in liver. Other body tissues are also capable to amide conversion. Both the forms of vitamin are heterocyclic aromatic compound. They are collectively called Vitamin B3. Yeast, milk, fish, eggs, green vegetables, beans and cereal grains are rich sources of this vitamin. People whose diet is solely based on staple food like corn, are likely to suffer from niacin deficiency. Tryptophan is a substrate for in vivo synthesis of niacin, and this amino acid is deficient in corn. Continue reading...

Staphylococci

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Foodborne diseases are common in all parts of the world. Foodborne diseases are associated with the food consumed. These diseases can be categorized into two forms based on the cause of the disease. Food intoxication or food poisoning and food infection are the two divisions of the foodborne diseases. Food intoxication is the result of consumption of toxins along with the food. Toxins can be produced by the bacteria, fungi, or they may be already present in the food, for instance, some mushrooms are toxic. These mushrooms Continue reading...

Abstract

Growth incorporates a uniform increase in the volume of cellular components. All organisms grow as a main biological characteristics. Growth is a factor that can be measured using a number of parameters and determined standards incorporated as well. The reproduction amongst most bacteria take place through binary fission. There are factors affecting growth amongst organisms such as temperature. Since growth depends largely on enzyme activity, which also relies greatly on temperature then the former can be used as a factor of the latter and both can provide reliable information in determining the population growth. Throughout this laboratory evaluation, rates Continue reading...

Cardiovascular Quiz

Q1. What is the advantage of SELDI-TOF-MS based assays over conventional methods?
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is advantageous over conventional methods as it can use endogenous synthetic substrates. Moreover, it has the ability to directly determine enzymatic peptide products. It is also a rapid, reproducible and sensitive method for the analysis of enzymatic activities of renin–angiotensin system (RAS).

Q2. What is the difference between carboxy peptidases and endopeptidases?

Carboxypeptidases are exopeptidases that are used to cleave (hydrolyze) amino acid residues from the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) portion of proteins, whereas endopeptidases cleave amino acids from the nonterminal portion of proteins.

Q3. What are the biological activities of Ang (1-9) and Ang (1-7)?

Ang I cleavage results Continue reading...

Cell Biology

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy rich compound found in all living cells. Each ATP molecule is made up of adenosine, an organic molecule. A single adenosine molecule has three inorganic phosphates attached to it. ATP is synthesized in mitochondria of cells from respiratory substrates (mainly glucose) in a process known as respiration. This process occurs in three stages- glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport.
The first stage, glycolysis, takes place in cytoplasm of a cell. In this stage glucose is split forming two molecules of 3-carbon molecule called pyruvic acid. This process does not need oxygen to Continue reading...

Question A: contrast between the altered physiological changes seen with the normal thyroid physiology

The normal thyroid physiology is indicated by certain biomarkers. In this case, the serum level of hormones free triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) indicates whether the thyroid gland is normally functional or not. According to the result of the lab test carried on the patient, a significant deviation of the serum levels of thyroid hormones from the normal level has been noted.
First, the free T4 level of the patient was found to be 5.4 picomoles per litre (pmol/L). The reference range of T4 is 9-25 picomoles per litre (Vanderpump, Tunbridge, and Bayliss, 2008). The reference values represent the Continue reading...

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Introduction 3

History of TB disease 3
Why it is necessary to develop novel anti-tuberculous agents 4
Classification of fluoroquinolone 5
Mechanism of action 5
Classification and Recent updates in Fluoroquinolones 6
Quinolones: Structural features and method of synthesis 8
Structure of FQs 8
Structure-Activity Relationship 8
Bacterial resistance 9
Synthesis of Fluoroquinolone drugs 9
Levofloxacin 11
Moxifloxacin 12
Trovafloxacin 12
Conclusion 13

References 14

List of Figures
Figure 1: Basic mechanism of action of FQs 6
Figure 2: First generation quinolones7 6
Figure 3: Second generation FQs 7 7
Figure Continue reading...

Carl Zimmer “Seeing X Chromosomes in a New Light” nytimes.com JAN. 20, 2014 2
Alexandra Sifferlin  “Human Emotions Are Not as Complex as We Thought”. Time.com Feb. 5, 2014 6
Alexandra Sifferlin. “Humans and Dogs Process Emotions Similarly”. Time.com. Feb. 21, 2014 7
Nicholas Wade. “Researchers See New Importance in Y Chromosome”. nytimes.com. APRIL 23, 2014 8
P. Nash Jenkins   “Squid Protein: Our Best Defense Against Chemical Weapons?”. Time.com. June 17, 2014 10
KIM TINGLEY “The Brave New World of Three-Parent I.V.F.”. nytimes.com. JUNE 27, 2014 11
Kate Lunau “Mackenzee Wittke, a five-year-old Alberta girl with the body of Continue reading...

Introduction:

T-Helper cells play a fundamental role in adaptive immune response i.e. the type of response exhibited by lymphocytes later in infection. T-Helper cells are essentially inactive, but are activated by the antigen displayed on the surface of mature Antigen Presenting Cells (APC’s) activated by infection. T-Helper cells provide signals to B cells to mature into Plasma cells, which secrete antibody specific to the same type of antigen that is displayed on the surface of APC’s (such as dendritic cells). Antibodies primarily function to neutralize and eliminate microbes present in the extracellular environment of the cell. Similarly, activated Continue reading...

Kidneys exert well in purifying the blood and at the similar time preserving the body in constancy. But some circumstances, normally at hand at the time of birth, do incredible damage to this complicated sieving system. Renal dysplasia ( kidney dysplasia) means that a kidney does not fully develop in the womb. The infectious kidney does not have regular purpose – which means that it does not work as good as a standard kidney. It is typically smaller than standard one, and may have some abnormal openings or cavities, which are like pouches full with fluid.  Renal dysplasia may be singled Continue reading...

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Abstract

Clostridium is a gram-positive bacillus bacterium. Any disturbance to healthy microbes of GI tract due to antibiotics activates the cytotoxins release by Clostridium, resulting in adverse effects. The toxins released by Clostridium are known as botulinum toxin. Its toxins are potent poisons but have several therapeutic qualities. It can block neuromuscular transmission, and this ability transformed it into a therapeutic tool. Botulinum toxin blocks acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction as well as in the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. It is used in vaccines to weaken overactive Continue reading...

Introduction

It is an established fact that excessive amount of stress causing hormones cause mood disorders in adults. Such mood disorder may exhibit in the children or adults for the limited time period or may last for a longer time. A number of researches have corroborated the same and further research is going on to find mechanisms that may provide solution to this problem. Emotional state of mother, adverse environments, excessive stress, drug and alcohol use can increase glucocorticoids levels in mother that may harm the foetus or baby in the mother’s womb. This research paper proposes a discussion Continue reading...

Kim DarDashian’s family has been circus performers for as long as she could remember. Called the “Fantastic Family of Flimsy Freaks”, Kim and her family often bent themselves into various positions that seemed unnatural to most yet the DarDashian family could do it with ease.
Kim recently dislocated her elbow. When the doctor asked how the injury occurred, Kim seemed truly baffled and stated that she was “just trying to lift up the salt shaker”. Assuming Kim was not being forthcoming in her answers for some unknown reason the doctor treated the dislocation and sent her on her Continue reading...

Section 1: Catalysis

Introduction
Catalysis is a process by which chemical reactions are hastened by small amounts of external substances, called catalysts. A suitable catalyst can alter the rate of a thermodynamically attainable reaction, but cannot disturb the position of thermodynamic equilibrium. Most catalysts are solids or fluids, however they may likewise be gasses. Catalysis is a cyclic process. The reactants form a chemical complex with the catalyst, subsequently opening a pathway for their conversion into the respective products, following which the catalyst is released and allows the cycle to continue. Now, catalysts do not have infinite lifetimes. As a result of Continue reading...

The type of hardware used in a glucometer.

A glucometer (glucose meter) is a medical technology device used measure glucose concentration in a given solution. The units of measurement used vary by region and they are milligram per deciliter (mg/dl) and millimole per liter (mmol/L). Glucometers are critical elements in Home Blood Glucose Monitoring (HBGM) devices used by diabetics who suffer from Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. HBGM devices are used to monitor blood sugar levels on a daily basis with multiple measurements taken in a single day (Dalvi).
The glucometer hardware described in this paper is based on designs by Freescale Semiconductor Company. The Continue reading...

Definition of Disease Process: 3

Disease process of HIV 3
Acute infection stage 4
Clinical latency stage 5
AIDS 5
Diagnosis 5
Prognosis 6
Treatment 6
Signs and Symptoms 6
Nursing Diagnosis 7
Immune System 7
Integumentary System 8
Respiratory System 8
Nervous System 9
GI System 9
Endocrine System 9
Urinary System 10
Cardiovascular System 10
Reproductive System 10
Musculoskeletal System 11
Conclusion 11

Works cited 12

Definition of Disease Process:
Disease process of HIV
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes one of the most severe deficiency disorders affecting the immune system. HIV positive person has AIDS or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. If the HIV is treated at Continue reading...

Introduction

Good and bad ways of punishment
Corporal punishment is the most commonly used form of punishing children all over the world. Its perceived goal is to instill discipline to the child, but many researchers have raised questions about its effectiveness, in the long run (Lenta, 2012). The debate that rises, therefore, involves the question as to whether there are kinds of punishment that are good with better outcomes compared to other forms of punishment perceived to be bad. The justification of modes of punishment takes the form of either retribution or consequentialism. Supporters of the Consequentialists approach note that Continue reading...

Abstract:

Diabetes is a disease caused by high blood glucose levels due to underproduction of insulin in the body or cell resistance to already produced insulin. The disease is characterized by hyperglycemia that leads to non-enzymatic protein glycation. Mass spectrometry techniques have been developed to give highly specific, reproducible and reliable results in the proteomics field especially in monitoring the progression of diabetes, the complications that arise from it, and the effectiveness of therapeutic treatments. An overview of mass spectrometry and current methodology such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) indicates that the technique has certain limitations in terms of Continue reading...

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INTRODUCTION:
Every bacterium has a cellular machinery which synthesizes various compounds to ensure the survival of that bacteria in different milieu. This synthesis is a series of biochemical reactions carried out with the help of enzymes and forming particular products at the end of the reaction. These end products and/or exclusive reactions are pathognomic of individual bacterium. It provides a great diagnostic tool in laboratories.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The bacteria were assessed based mainly on following different testing modalities. These tests were carbohydrate fermentation, catalase production, Continue reading...

Introduction

Breast milk is complete food for new born that contains nutrition required for growth, development, health and immunity of the infant. Breast milk is considered as a unique and unreplaceable source of food. Breast milk is essential not for the overall growth and development of new born but also for the mother. Infants are delicate and more exposed to different types of diseases. Therefore, it is important to provide them special care along with sufficient nourishment (Bertino et al., 2009). Different types of foods and infant formulas available in the market can only provide few or limited nutritional components Continue reading...

Questions

Paper 1 to 4
1. Briefly define the following (i.e., is it a receptor? If so what type of receptor? etc.) And provide a one sentence description of the biological function or role in the study.
a. AhR. AhR is aryl hydrocarbon receptor that is involved in hyperlipidemia (Wu 1260). It is also involved in environmental chemical-induced organ toxicity (Sherr 1245).
b. ApoE-/-. It is apoliprotein. ApoE-/- mice are found to have increased chances of developing ischemic heart diseases as a result of exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and AhR activation (Wu 1260).
c. CH223191. It is Continue reading...

Introduction

Debate about the benefits and dangers of milk does not subside for many years. Most experts tend nevertheless to ensure that the milk is a very useful product, and can cause harm only in particular cases related to the physiological characteristics of the individual. Regular consumption of milk can protect the body from many diseases, including cancer. Various institutions conducted numerous studies of milk, which offer more and more useful features of this wonderful product.
Milk is a product of animal origin, nutritious liquid produced by female mammals for feeding young. In this article we are talking about milk Continue reading...

The article on Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) is easy to read and it is a review type article. It focuses on Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) and discusses the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical features and diagnosis and treatment of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (Franchini M, 2005). The article contains sufficient medical related information and is understandable. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia which is drug induced (unlike other types of Thrombocytopenia) and associated with significant morbidity and mortality if unrecognized (Franchini M, 2005).
The quality of information in the article published in the Thrombosis journal is high. It contains many technical medical terms Continue reading...

Interdisciplinary team for safe transition of heart failure patients

Interdisciplinary team for safe transition of heart failure patients

Introductions

The 30-day re-hospitalization penalty for hospitals has led the healthcare professionals to opt for an interdisciplinary transitional care approach in order to provide safe and efficient transition for patients with heart failure from hospital settings to home. Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition and requires a lifelong treatment. 14% of the Medicare beneficiaries suffer from HF. The re - hospitalization rate of HF has been noted to be 10 to 19% within 14 days and 50% within 90 days. Such readmissions have resulted in heavy Medicare bills of $333 Continue reading...