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Introduction

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a fundamental technique applicable in most biological investigations ranging from biochemistry to forensic. The mechanism is used for the separation of macromolecules especially proteins together with nucleic acids with respect to the electrophoretic mobility of the molecules being separated.
Electrophoresis is a relatively simple method to study the properties of proteins. It is based on the principle that charged molecules will migrate through a matrix when an electric field is applied. The matrix used is polyacrylamide. NB Polyacrylamide is highly toxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. The chemical agents used to form the polyacrylamide matrix are acrylamide Continue reading...

Introduction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a process that amplifies a selected region of DNA using oligonucleotides called primers. The selected region of DNA undergoes numerous cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension, which doubles the number of amplicon each time. In each cycle, the temperature varies to allow each step to occur: (a) first, denaturation is achieved using high temperature to separate the two strands of the DNA; (b) second, the temperature is brought down to a specific temperature to allow the primers to bind to their recognized sites; and (c) third, the temperature is brought up to the optimal Continue reading...

Immunoprecipitation of Activated MAP Kinase

Abstract
MAP Kinases are protein kinases which have many roles in different biological processes. MAP Kinase ERK1/2 can be phosphorylated by another protein kinase at two amino acid residues and is involved in phosphorylating other target proteins. The following laboratory experiment examines the phosphorylation of MAP Kinase ERK1/2 from rat muscle cells under stimulating (in the presence of insulin) and inhibitory (in the presence of PD98059) conditions. Phosphorylated forms of MAP Kinase were detected by immunoprecipitation using an antibody that is specific for phosphotyrosine, followed by immunoblot analysis. The results of this experiment are discussed.

Introduction

MAP Kinases, also known Continue reading...

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Aim:

The objective of this report is to review the steps that were conducted in the PCR directed RFLP evaluation.
Evidence Review
The fundamental technique for the detection of the restriction fragmented length polymorphism entails the segmentation of the DNA sample by applying a restriction enzyme. The process applies the differential in the sequences of the homologous DNA that can be found by the presence of DNA segments subsequent to their absorption. The restriction fragmented length polymorphism probes are applied in the evaluation of variations.

First Extraction

The complete DNA is absorbed with an enzyme that Continue reading...

Narration of Process

“Shaving”
The Simple Art of Shaving:
Narration of Process
Even though shaving facial hair is a normal daily activity for men all around the world, it is actually a rather complex and detailed process. This includes a variety of products that are used to achieve a smooth and clean shave. Depending on the person, there are a variety of styles to facial hair, but as far as shaving is concerned there are a few basic steps that all men use.
First of all, there are several different items needed before the shaving process can begin. These products are a Continue reading...

Experiment 1 (Drilling Fluid Mud Density)

Definition: The drilling fluid term refers to the technic used for facilitation of drilling boreholes, and to improve all necessary functions needed for a fine drilling.

Results:

Results:
(The weight of Mud *0.052)= Gradient of Mud in psi/ft.
(The weight of Mud in lb/ft3)/144=mud gradient in psi/ft.

Water:

(Mud gradient) 8.3*0.052 =0.432 psi/ft.
(Mud gradient) 64/144 =0.044 psi/ft.

Mud sample No1:

(Mud gradient) 9.13*0.052=0.475 psi/ft.
(Mud gradient) 69/144=0.480 psi/ft.

Mud sample 2:

(Mud gradient) 10*.052=0.520 psi/ft.
(Mud gradient) 76/144=0.530 psi/ft.

Calculation: For calculation of the Density and Mud gradient, the following formulas were used.

Density= (lb/gal)/ 8.345.
Mud gradient= (lb/gal)/ 19.24.

Volume and mass

Density:
Fresh Water: 8.3/8.345 = 1.0 (S.G)
Mud sample1: 9.13/8.345=1.1 (S.G)
Mud sample 2: 10/8.345=1.20 ( Continue reading...

Biotechnological Approaches to purifying High Value Products (i.e. antibodies)
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Chromatographic process has been the best and efficient method of purification for decades. 6
Affinity Chromatography 7
Examples 8
1-Insulin 8
2-Antibodies 9
3-Protein A 10
Conclusion 11

References 12

Purification of Antibodies
Advancements in the field of Biotechnology has been boosted with the improvement in techniques of protein purification. Protein purification methods range from a simple process to a complex multiple step processes. An important aspect of successful results is the identification of the right techniques and their optimization Continue reading...

Introduction

The medical field is characterized by various equipment and materials that are used to enhance the provision of medical services. Each of these materials is designed in a manner that meets a specific need or medical purpose. In restorative dentistry, dental impression materials have been used to fulfill various needs among patients (Anusavice & Phillips, 2012). Some scholars have argued that the use of such materials is a means to an end in that, they enhance the services provided to patients, hence facilitating recovery. Dental impression materials are basically used to perform activities that entail recording the shape of a Continue reading...

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Abstract

Hand Hygiene (HH) or hand washing in hospital must improve in order to reach zero mortality, shorter patient stays and lower costs for patients and their families. A meta-analysis was carried out to collect studies with a common methodology so that the results can be evaluated with statistical analysis. Searches on the PubMed database were used to identify articles addressing both the issue of hand hygiene and paediatric hospitals. Several searches were carried out until the number of articles for the study was narrowed down to five peer-reviewed academic articles. The number of total HH opportunities and positive Continue reading...

Introduction

Experimental and epidemiological researches have pointed that diet and environmental factors significantly determines the likelihood of tumors or human cancer. Even though the genetic history of people may influence the chance of neoplastic disease, it is still not the prevailing value in the preponderance of circumstances. Awareness has to be agreed to daily diet with chemo-preventive actions to diminish the risk of cancer. Studies have shown that alcohol consumption is associated with death from cancer. The relation of the risk to mortality reduces for moderate drinkers in contrast to nondrinkers and then amplifies with elevated alcohol drinking.
Beer along Continue reading...