In the classical study, The American Jury, Kalven, and Zeisel indicated that to about 75% to 80% the judges concur with the juries in criminal cases. They observed that a few disagreements happened when the evidence was clear. Kalven and Zeisel agreed that judges were more lenient and soft on such cases and termed them as normal disagreements. To further explain the normal disagreements and others, they quantified the effect of factor well known as population attributed risk.
Data was collected from 1977 to 2005 in North Carolina to test whether extralegal factors on the defendant of the victim
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