Free Essays on Monopoly to Get Inspired & Learn by Example

Many different sellers and buyers exist within a marketplace (Hildebrand, 2009). It implies that there is competition within the market that allows price to fluctuate in response to shifts in supply, as well as demand. Besides, for almost each commodity there exist substitutes, for that reason, whenever a commodity becomes expensive, a purchaser may prefer a cheaper commodity or substitute. In any given marketplace having many sellers as well as purchasers, the supplier and consumer have an equal chance to influence cost or price of transactions (Mankiw & Taylor, 2006). In some sectors, substitutes do not exist and for that Continue reading...

A monopoly is a market structure dominated by only one supplier who supplies a particular product or service which does not have substitutes (Mankiw, pg 330). Monopolies exist because there is restriction of entry into a particular market. The existence of monopoly leads to market failure in an economy. Monopoly power means the ability to set prices by a monopoly firm. Entry into the market is restricted because of the high initial costs involved, complexity of operation, the nature of the product or service, economies of scale and existence of patents, trademarks, copy rights and franchise. The existence of Continue reading...

Market structures Description

Monopoly market
This is a type of market that features one, if not all, of the characteristics of a monopoly such as supply constraints, high price levels or excessive entry barriers. Due to the type of market, it mainly entail of a single supplying firm and consumers can only buy from this single firm. Without good control or legislation, this firm has the power to increase prices without adversely impacting demand for its services/products. This kind of market is in contrast to a perfectly competitive market.Oligopolistic market
This is a situation where a certain market is controlled by a Continue reading...

Consulting Mayor

1. Describe each market structure discussed in the course (perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly) and discuss two of the market characteristics of each market structure.
Perfect competition is the market type where every agent in the economy has full information about the market (full information assumption); there is no barrier to entering to or exit from the market (free entry and exit assumption); there are a large number of buyers and sellers (atomicity assumption); and products are similar to each other (identical products assumption). The main idea in the perfect competition market is that no agent or Continue reading...

Introduction

Market failure is an economic term that is indicative of a situation in which there remains wide gap between demand and supply. In this situation, the quantity of products demanded by the customers does not equate to the quantity supplied by the suppliers as a result of which the market equilibrium allocation becomes inefficient (Pasour, 1995). Either the goods or services are over or under produced, resulting in market failure. Market failure takes place due to a variety of reasons, including monopolized market situation, negative externality, positive externality, public goods, inequality or unfair distribution of resources in a free Continue reading...

A perfectly competitive firm is a price taker in the market. Since there are a large number of firms producing homogeneous products each firm cannot influence the market price by his/her activity since each firm produces only a small part of the whole industry output . So, the demand curve facing a firm in a perfect competition is infinitely elastic.
A monopolist is a price maker. Since the monopolist is the only seller in a market with a large number of buyers, the monopolist can influence the price by his output decisions. The monopolist faces a downward sloping demand curve . Continue reading...

Industry Analysis

Nike operates in the global sports apparel industry. It is one of the market leaders in the sports apparel market and its market share has increased from 3.9% in 2007 to 4.9% in 2012 and it is expected to grow to a 6.5% which shows that the pace of the growth of the company exceeds the industry average, especially in the period mentioned above. The world sports apparel market has an expected value of $126 billion in the current year i.e. 2015. The market trends in this industry are driven by health and more active lifestyles with the older Continue reading...

The concept of a “Natural Monopoly” relates to monopoly in general and still constitutes its special type. Natural monopoly occurs due to objective reasons and represents a situation where the demand for certain product would be better and more efficient met by one or few entities. Natural monopoly is usually caused by specific manufacturing technology and customer service, so under such circumstances the competition is impossible or undesirable. In 1977 William Baumol presented a classic definition for natural monopoly, “ an industry in which multiform production is more costly than production by a monopoly” (As cited in Yevdokimov, 2012, p. Continue reading...

Google Company faced antitrust allegations over two accounts. The major problems were on the existence of monopoly power and predatory conduct undertaken to attain or maintain the power. Monopoly comes into play through the manner in which it offers its services across the world. Other stakeholders in the service complained of how most users preferred Google services as compared to theirs under the same circumstances. The other issue surrounding monopoly are the steps taken by the company to ensure that most of the clientele appreciate its services and appreciate the steps taken to ensure that the same is taken. Continue reading...

[Writers Surname]

PERFECT COMPETITION

A market can have different structures depending on different characteristics of competition within that particular market. A perfectly competitive market is at one extreme, where there are several consumers and producers, with no barriers to entry or exit the market, perfect information regarding goods, homogeneous products, and property rights of individuals. This gives birth to a system where no individual economic factor is able to affect the prices of goods, which means producers are price takers, it’s their choice how much quantity to produce, but they cannot decide the market price at which they can sell Continue reading...

In the recent period, the telecommunication industry has recorded tremendous growth through increased product innovation and changing consumer tastes and preferences. The industry has continued to attract new market entrants who capitalize on product affordability and convenience. One notable market player is Apple Incorporation that was established in 1976 by innovation strategists; Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The company started its operations in the manufacturing of computers and later diversified in the manufacturing of smartphones. Due to the intense competitiveness in the industry, the Apple company has maintained the production differentiation strategy introducing a series of smartphones including I Continue reading...

True or False

1 t
2 f
3 f
4 f
5 f
6 f
7 f
8 t
9 f
10 f

Multiple-choice Questions

1 a
2 d
3 a
4 c
5 d
6 c
7 a
8 b
9 d
10 b

Activity

1 right - more people are ready to buy cigarettes now.
2 right - part of the cigar consumers will change their preference to cigarettes.
3 right - part of the people can buy more expensive cigarettes now.
4 left - price increase of complementary product will cause decreasing of elasticity of demand. Some people will buy cheaper cigarettes Continue reading...

Introduction

There different market forms that is analyzed in microeconomic theory. Among these market forms the Monopolistic Competition market is mostly found in the real world situation. In a perfectly competitive market the sellers sell homogeneous products to the numerous buyers. So the sellers are price takers and face a perfectly elastic demand curve and earn normal profit. In a monopoly the single seller has absolute market power and enjoys super-normal profit. In case of monopolistic competition there are elements of both monopoly and perfect competition. The seller in such a market situation sells products differentiated from the competitors’ products. Continue reading...

In a competitive market structure the firms face an elastic demand curve. The monopolist on the other hand faces a demand curve that is somewhat inelastic in nature. So we can see that the elasticity of the demand curve faced by a firm can indicate the type of market the firm operates in. The way the demand for the product is affected by the price of the close substitute also gives us an idea whether the firm has any close competitor or not. The demand function and the elasticities that we have obtained from the regression analysis can provide Continue reading...

The market for auto parts industry in the US is a major industry with a large number of units and a high level of employment. The auto parts industry is of course highly dependent on the operations of the automotive industry. In this paper we identify the market structure in which the auto parts industry operates taking an organization as a representative of this industry. We have based our study on AutoZone which is a large Auto parts chain across US and also extends in operations overseas. We also identify some strategies that this organization should adopt to increase Continue reading...

Business Environment

Introduction
An organization is a unit of people structured and managed to pursue collective goals as a matter of need and to operate in a given environment. The organizational structure and collective goal defines the purpose of the organization. Organizations get designed on the basis of the management structure and the labor aspect that determines the relationships between members and the activities involved. This paper seeks to identify, describe and explain the organizational purpose of businesses, nature of the environment in which businesses operate, behavior of organizations and the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities.

Continue reading...

Business

External and Internal Environment Analysis of the Alibaba Group Holding Ltd
Company Profile
Founded in year 1999 by a group of 18 people, which was led by Jack Ma, who was a former English educator from Hangzhou in China, Alibaba Group began as a trade and commerce enabler for small businesses by engaging in internet-based platforms as leverage for these businesses to grow and be competitive in both the domestic and global markets. Today, Alibaba Group Holding Limited, is based in China and a mobile and online company that is involve in wholesale and retail trade, as well as Continue reading...

Business Environment

Introduction
Environmental scanning and environmental well being is an important aspect that associated with an organization to increase their financial belongings and strategic competitiveness (Adams and Periton, 2005). A business environment is basically a subject that covers under the field of economics and management. Every organization of the world is now trying to cover up the effectiveness through effectiveness. Organizations have to assess the environment of the industry or the business in which they are entitled to enter and increase their effectiveness. Both existing and new organizations will utilize the environmental scanning for their long term evaluation and effectiveness ( Continue reading...

Business Proposal for Starbucks Inc: Whole Wheat Bread Sandwiches

In this business proposal, we will introduce a new range of wheat bread sandwiches for Starbucks Coffee that will allow the company to increase its revenue figures and also combat the increasing competition from its rivals such as Dunkin Donuts and Mcdonalds. Starbucks Coffee was founded in the year 1971 and is headquartered in Seattle. The company at present is the world’s largest coffee house chain with 21160 stores in 63 countries of the world where it serves instant coffee, whole-bean coffee and related appetizers.
The reason we believe that the product will be a success for the Continue reading...

Intel

What is central processing unit? Central processing unit – is a small electronic device, which looks like chip. CPU is usually considered as the main attribute of computer. CPU usually refers to head or brain, as it does all major (from basic to complicated) operations. CPU has different names such as computer chip, processor or microprocessor, etc.
Nowadays, there is only two companies, which can produce computer processors. Those two are AMD and Intel. There are several obstacles for other companies to compete with these two. First one is – patents. Both AMD and Intel hold those. Second one is money. Continue reading...

Internationalism can be defined in many term. According to Cambridge it is the belief that countries can achieve more advantages by working together and trying to understand each other than by arguing and fighting wars with each other. To Merriam, it is a policy of cooperation among nations and an attitude or belief favoring such a policy. But in general it is an attempt to unify the world under certain basic principles which calls for global unity. It aims to achieve peace between nations. Some view it to focus on ensuring justice between nations which in most cases include Continue reading...

Finance is a key component for the success of any business. Availability and deployment of financial resources play a significant role in the success of the business. Since development of trade and commerce increased information and availability of goods to consumers, financial managers ought to make wise decisions regarding management. Depending on the market structure and nature of the business entity, managers will face different challenges along the way. Financial managers make vital decisions to cuts costs and rake in bounty profits after carefully studying cost benefit analysis. Market structure often gives direction on how financial decisions are to Continue reading...

(How Particular accounting benefit the country)
No one can predict, what can happen in the near and the far-away future. However, scientists, economists and researchers study the past and present to predict our future. Theories and studies are developed in different countries about nations, different accounting strategies and different national cultures. This paper concentrates about the future of Australia and China’s accounting strategies and their national cultures.

The Future of Accounting in China

In the future, it is well estimated that one half of the profit gained can arrive from a decrease in cross-province dispersion of per capita GDP, in exchange of labour force, Continue reading...

Importance and Influence of OPEC

Introduction
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an international organization of petroleum producer and exporter nations. Currently the organization has a share of forty percent in the international oil market and substantially impacts the market by reducing or increasing production and prices of crude oil. OPEC sets annual targets of production of crude oil for its members every year. OPEC ensures smooth supply of petroleum to consumers and at the same time, it also procures the monetary interests of petroleum producing countries. OPEC also has a responsibility towards investors who invest in the ventures of OPEC in different Continue reading...

Antitrust is a word that originates from the 1880s, a time when big businesses controlled industries and worked together to minimize competition. The companies worked together as trusts and therefore laws protecting competition are labeled antitrust. The Federal Trade Commission enforces these antitrust laws through challenging practices that could harm consumers and, as a result, have lower quality, high prices, and fewer services or goods. The antitrust policy ensures that business practices are monitored, and mergers are reviewed. These practices ensure that markets work in accordance with the preferences of consumers and not practices that are illegal.
Are large Continue reading...

There are adverse reasons to believe that housing markets are less than perfectly competitive. That is the concentration of rental property is in the hands of few individuals or owners and there are collusive opportunities arising from the presence of the landlords. As evidenced by statistics, by Cronin 1983, in his study of Washington DC, in the suburbs of Virginia, an average of 70% of all units in each submarket are controlled by one owner and the average number of rental housing firms in each of the said markets is slightly above four. Moreover, in Thousand oaks, California, one Continue reading...

Introduction

Consumer protection refers to laws or policies that protect the rights of people as consumers. Furthermore, consumer protection also address other issues that help or support consumers through policies that set guidelines for truthful advertising or promotion, and standards for fair trade (Federal Trade Commission, 2015). Overall, consumer protection laws are in place to prevent businesses from committing fraud to take advantage of consumers or gain advantage over the competition. The succeeding discussion is a brief description of the legal issue, the summary of consumer protection laws and statutes, and examples of cases related to the legal issue. The Continue reading...

The article named «The Benefits of British Rule» provides a reader with a short overview of the influence of British Rule on Indian society. One cannot confidently assert whether that impact was good or bad, since, as in all the historical aspects, there were both sides of one coin. Dadabhai Naoroji, the author of the aforementioned article divides the text on two parts, describing separately the positive and negative effect of British Rule on India. In order to make the complicated information simpler, and easier to absorb, the author also describes the British influence on India from three main Continue reading...

Malls provide free parking and access to internet as an intermediary good or services that attract customers. According to Hasker and Inci (2012) the “free” in this case is implied since in as much as the customers and clients are not directly charged, such cost are hidden in the goods and services offered in the malls (p. 2). For example, the averages cost of goods in the malls offering both free parking, as well as free access to the internet would slightly be higher than those without. Customers find it convenient even with the increased cost of goods and Continue reading...

The modern world cannot be imagined without oil products: rocket fuel, road pavements and medicines, children toys. Russian oil industry is a strategic outpost of the country, the basis of economic stability and development of a modern economy. Giants of oil industry solve dozens of important tasks by developing systems of affiliated companies and organizations. Naturally, their business cannot run without the involvement of smaller oil companies that specialize in service delivery, drilling rigs construction and ancillary facilities, repair wells, pipelines and other specialized functions. With all the pursuance of versatility, natural monopolies have certain characteristics, given by the Continue reading...

Introduction

As economists would suggest, conglomerate strategy is the best technique that can shield a company from imminent market loss or economic downturns. This is due to the diversification of products that capture different market segments with varying determinant factors. Samsung Electronics is a real proof of the case since its establishment in 1938 by Lee Byung –Chul. The South Korean company has expanded its product segmentation in Consumer electronics, information technology, and Mobile Communications Industry.
Samsung Electronics ventured into the mobile manufacturing industry following an acquisition deal with Hanguk Jeonja Tongsin and has since grasped a huge market share Continue reading...

A market structure is defined as the competitive environment in which sellers and buyers of products operate in. Apple Inc.’s iPhones fall in the smartphone industry which is too characterized by a market structure like any other industry. As per the dynamics observed in the economy pegged on technology, innovation and operational strategies, the company has emerged as a key player in the smartphone industry (Ireland, Hoskisson, & Hitt, 2009). The company has four key competitors that produce differentiated products in the same smartphone niche ultimately making the market structure an oligopoly.
As it stands, the smartphone market’s Continue reading...

Introduction

The world economy is very dependent on the price of a barrel of oil. Some economists argue that the plunge in the oil prices is primarily a good thing for the economy while others claim that it is necessary not. The oil prices have continued to fall sharply in the recent times. The question numerous people ask is whether this will continue. Anatole Kaletsky in his article titled, “What is the future direction of oil prices?” uses economics and history concepts to explain whether the oil prices will continue to fall in the future. The world oil prices have Continue reading...

There are many causes that affect market instability in coffee markets. Free trade involves the removal of protectionism and external liberation in developing countries which has adverse effects on their economies (Collier, 2010, p.281). Developed countries will face costly expenditures to subsidise the coffee farmers and implementing buffer schemes that will cost the governments. On the other hand, the consumers will spend small amounts of cash to buy raw coffee due to fierce competition and the consumer welfare choice will increase. Conversely, in developing countries many coffee farmers suffer significant losses due to competition from the developed nations' raw Continue reading...

Headquartered in Paris, DANONE is a food and beverage manufacturing company and also world’s largest biggest maker of Yogurt. The origin of the company date back to 1966 when it was born out of merger decision of two French glass manufacturers and the company was named as Boussois Souchon Neuvesel, or BSN. Although the company planned its European expansion during 1970-1974, but the major international expansion was headed during 1990-1996 when it decided to consolidate its position as a multinational food and beverage company. It was only during 1994, the company decided to change its name to Groupe Continue reading...

Introduction

The most reputable international organization operating in the field of intellectual property – the World Intellectual Property Organization – defines intellectual property as an area of law which “refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce” (WIPO, “What is Intellectual Property?” 2015). It is well known that the two main branches of intellectual property are copyright (artistic creations) and industrial property (inventions, industrial designs). Both branches are closely related to ethical and moral issues. Thus, for instance, in case of copyright an author is entitled to be Continue reading...

Introduction

Humanity is a moral ideal that has been established depending on the pursuit of dignity for the human beings. In order to achieve human dignity, one has to apply the principles and norms of morality that eventually define the ways through which an individual in particular and the society in general can achieve a moral life. The world today is closely intertwined based upon ease in access of information which has led to the rising awareness of individual rights. There is a long list of appeals to rights including prisoners’ rights, animal rights, fetal rights, gay rights etc. etc. Continue reading...

Explain the Concept of Linkage and its Significance for Democracy

The change to democracy necessitates costs other than the outlay needed for transition. While management reform does not aim for the democratic minimum, it aims to reduce constant costs of democratic institutions at the least possible. The most common management strategy on this cost lies on the decision of the parliament or congress. Accordingly, there are different rules within the democratic minimum so that an alteration of rules for change requires another set of costs and benefits. The want for a change to democracy calls for an onerous work, and accordingly, those groups whose core interests are strongly linked Continue reading...

In the 1890’s, the public had been complaining about the growing monopoly of the large corporations in the industry. The industries had been growing at a rate that rendered the playing ground for the small businesses unequal. It led to unfair competition between the big players in the industry and the trailing companies. Most of the small businesses had been forced out of the competition, leaving the large corporations to dominate the sector. The big businesses argued that they were facilitating the growth of the economy. However, the small businesspersons said that the monopoly would lead to poor Continue reading...

(Professor/Instructor)

The volume production of inexpensive steel products realized by the processes alongside those of Bessemer’s has recast the world. Cost effective steel products has allowed manufacturers to design and develop a host of large and small products using steel as a base material. Inclusive of these products are ships, aircraft, buildings, forks, spoons, witches, razors, saws, and tools and utensils of every type (Spoerl 1).
The systematized and inexpensive production of steel became feasible only after the development of the Bessemer method, named after its ingenious inventor, British metallurgist Sir Henry Bessemer. Bessemer posited that the presence Continue reading...

Demand

Using standard economic theory we can define demand as the quantity of goods and services that consumers want to buy at different prices. This definition of demand is based on the assumption that, all other factors that affects demand remains constant when we consider the effect of price on the demand for any good or service. To put it more simply, we know that demand is affected by a number of factors like price of the product, the income of the individual, the price of other related products, the consumer’s tastes and preferences, and even government policies. When Continue reading...

The theories articulated by Hamilton and Jefferson on the powers of the federal government as directed by the US constitution form part of history of laws. The theories termed broad and strict construction give an explanation of the powers of the federal and the state government. According to strict constructionists, the Congress should have the opportunity to exercise few powers so that the government remains small while broad constructionists held that the Congress should have many powers so that the government can play an important and greater role in shaping the events of the day in a country. Most Continue reading...

Is Chindia a Friend or a Threat?

Nations create ties as a sign of camaraderie. Hence, organizations like the United Nations and the World Trade Organizations are formed. These organizations strengthen the bond that nations form and ensure that protocols are followed in the engagement of ties and bond between nations. However, there are often more to just mere camaraderie when nations affiliate among each other. For example, the United Nations was formed to ensure that nations will no longer engage in hostile situations that would succumb each to participate in war (United Nations Organization), while the World Trade Organization ensures to keep nations fully aware Continue reading...

Totalitarianism - the socio-political system that for the specific purposes of its creators committed to the total control over the entire life of the community and all aspects of the life of each individual.

The main features of a totalitarian regime are :

The presence of the official total ideology, whose main objective is the legitimation of the political regime and its course;
Monopoly of one party to power, not limited by any law, and even the charter of the party itself. Avoiding any ideological dissent and political opposition;
Fusion of party and state apparatus, when the head of the party and state are one and the same Continue reading...

Purpose

In 1789 the autobiographical book The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African was published by a former slave. The book reveals the horrors of slavery he witnessed. This book has played a significant role in the abolitionism movement in Britain. In the extract of the book presented Equiano describes how he was captured and enslaved by African slave-traders and eventually sold to European slavers that carried him to the continent. The author of the article mentions that recent research proved Equiano wasn’t originally born in Africa and his book is a Continue reading...

Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies

Wells Fargo is a multinational financial and banking enterprise, which is American based. Its head quarter is found in San Francesco in California. Wells Fargo is considered in United States as fourth biggest bank in term of assets and is considered as largest bank in term of market capitalization. Wells Fargo is on second number when regarded in terms of its deposits, debit card and home mortgage services. In United States it is declared as 23rd biggest enterprise in 2011. This bank is rated by Sap as AAA. Wells Fargo has many mini-branches and has a lot of customers. Continue reading...

Introduction

Starbucks is a retail coffee company founded in 1971 by Gordon Bowker, Jerry Baldwin, and Ziv Siegl with the intent to sell the finest quality coffee (whole bean and ground) (Hoover’s, 2015). In 1982, after expanding from one to five retail stores, a fifth team member (Howard Schultz) was brought on to manage marketing and sales (Hoover’s, 2015). Schultz introduced the idea of a coffee bar, and opened Starbucks’ first coffee bar in downtown Seattle in 1984 (Hoover’s, 2015). In 1987, Howard Schulz became president and CEO (Hoover’s, 2015). Expansion efforts during the 1990’s Continue reading...

Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies

Introduction of Company
Coca cola is the leading company in the world that produces carbonated soft drinks and supply all over the world. The origin of coca cola was started when john pemberton invented a medicine and when water is mixed with it taste amazing. Coca cola was introduced in market by As a Griggs who was a leading and competent businessman. With his good business and marketing strategies coca cola soon become a famous soft drink business. Coco Cola Company makes concentrate and then this concentrate are sold to other licensed companies of coca cola all over the Continue reading...

Introduction

The operation of a firm is affected by a number of exogenous and endogenous factors. The pricing strategy of the firm is an important decision which depends on a number of issues like the elasticity of demand, the degree of market competition, the cost and supply conditions, the existing tax rates, demand potential and such others. The marketing strategies followed by the firm in the form of advertisement campaigns, new innovations, direct sales promotion measures are also important in determining the profitability of the firm and its ability to maintain its market power in the long-run. The production technology, Continue reading...

The book “American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865-1900,” is one of the most important literary works that explains about the transformation of the United States into a supreme power post the American Civil War. In his book, author H. W. Brands gives an account of how America was able to achieve the status of the most technically advanced country in the world in terms of production and economy. He portrays a broad picture of America, focusing on the growth of economy in a social and political context. While America was importing steel from Britain in 1860, the country Continue reading...

BUSINESS PROPOSAL

Abstract
In any industry segment, the economic or fiscal objectives are to increase income, tabulate the variable and fixed expenses for the enterprise and to determine the am manner by which to optimize profits. The requisite for reaching the objective are the minimization of expenses, product differentiation and the establishment of a pricing structure. The business proposal will detail the approaches that are required in order to attain these objective and to cause the organization to become a successful economically sound, organization.

Business Proposal

An accurate forecast that could be made by the associates in the potential business is that everything Continue reading...

Media has taken center stage in each and every human life on earth, especially in the twenty first century. The reason behind this is the advancement that has taken center-stage in technology. One cannot deny the progressiveness that science has brought out though innovations in technology. Appreciating this phenomenon will help us comprehend the role of media in our lives. Media will decide what we know about a particular event. With the cropping up of daring reporters, regular updates on the happenings throughout the world are things that we cannot miss to hear (Considine, 2009, pg. 64). Entertainment is Continue reading...

In the last fifteen years, the privatization of Canadian government services has grown. Privatization is the systematic transfer of government functions to the private sectors (Public Interest, 2015). One of the main reasons for privatization is to reduce costs at the same time maintain the quality of services offered. People supporting privatization argue that private sectors provide services more efficiently, and they are less costly than when under government operation. Government operations are at times considered to be ineffective and unresponsive to the demands and needs of the public (John Howard Society, 1998).

Forms of Privatization

There are different forms of privatization Continue reading...

Proposal Review

The London congestion charge is fee that is charged on publicly operated vehicles that use the charge zone within specified time period. The program of congestion charge ensures that the city is not congested with motor vehicles and also controls traffic (John, 2007). This is a program that is introduced to control the volume of carbon emissions to the atmosphere by public vehicles.

Sources of Revenue

In order to make the program effective, the government would need to incur costs. This means there is need to source for funds .Government can get funds from:
User charge: These are the revenues that are Continue reading...