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Breast cancer is the form of cancer that develops in the breast tissue. It is usually represented by lump/s in the breast, dimpling and red scaly patch of the skin, change in the shape of breast, swelling in the armpit, and fluid coming from the nipple. There are different types of breast cancer, and the most important aspect of different cancers is the presence or absence of different receptors that are involved in the development or growth of cancer. Three important types of receptors that are related to breast cancer cells are Oestrogen receptor (ER) involving oestrogen, Progesterone Continue reading...

1. Introduction
Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE) is a rare and underdiagnosed autoimmune condition caused by the formation of antithyroid antibodies. HE can occur independently or in association with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), which is also an autoimmune disease of the thyroid cells (Pavlovic, Pavlovic and Lackovic 2009, p. 383). Autoimmunity can be defined as an inflammatory immune response that is characterized by the formation of self-reactive cytotoxic T-cells or antibodies against the body’s own cells because of a maladaptive immune system. The autoantigen could be either tissue-specific (β-cells or thyroid) or systemic in origin. Usually, all the cells of Continue reading...

Abstract

Radiation cataractogenesis (RCG) is deterministic. It does not occur below a minimum threshold dose. RCG is generally believed as dose-related. Sliney (1986) believed that its severity is also dose-related. The severity increased and the latency decreased as radiation dose increased above that threshold. The lens of the eye is nonvascular and is known to experience no cell loss over its lifetime, indicating that any damage to its cells will not result to the removal of these cells for lack of existing mechanism. Three induction mechanisms were explored (direct, indirect, and oxidative, which separately creates oxidative stress inside the lens Continue reading...

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Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancer prevalent in the modern world. According to the Journal of national Comprehensive Cancer Network, the author Therese B. Bevers, (2009) clearly states that Women in the United States have a 12.3% estimated lifetime risk for developing breast cancer (i.e., 1 in 8 women). In 2009, an estimated 194,290 cases of invasive breast cancer (192,370 women and 1919 men) and 62,280 cases of female carcinoma in situ Continue reading...

Abstract:

The total hip replacements are indispensable medical procedures that address the hip problems of people. The medical practice for some time has been an adequate solution for hip problems. However, problems has been discovered that the materials used for the implants that are composed of metals and alloys cause fretting corrosion which leads to various health complications and implant failure. This paper discusses the hip joint implants and the fretting corrosion that complicates the medical practice. It touches the adverse effects of the implant corrosion in the health of the patients. Furthermore, this paper divulges some of the design Continue reading...