<Student Name> <Name and Section # of course> <Instructor Name> Teratogens are the compounds or elements which either chemically or physically affects the growth of an embryo. It was believed that the amniotic fluid tends to prevent any harm from chemical or physical means. Moreover, the lack of direct contact with placental exchange in the placenta can protect the fetus from getting exposed to any harmful effects. However, when the infants were born with the disorder, the effect of environmental factors were determined and evaluated (Pillitteri, 2009). Teratogens include alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, viruses, bacteria, drugs, toxoplasma, chemicals, Continue reading...