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A Two-Part Experiment: Spectrometric Method for the Determination of Olive Oil Grade Using Spectra Matching and Determination of Nickel (II) Nitrate Concentration Using Beer’s Law

Introduction

Beers’s law is an important concept in chemistry. According to this concept, the concentration of a compound is directly proportional to its degree of absorbance. This means that as the concentration of a colored compound increases then its absorbance will also increase. This concept is usually employed in the determination of the concentration for a particular compound. In accordance with the concept of Beer’s law, chemists usually employ spectrum matching to Continue reading...

Introduction

Body cells are surrounded by plasma membrane that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cells. Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable. Consequently, it can only allow certain substances to move across it into the cells or out of the cell. Three main processes are involved in the movement of substances across the plasma membrane: diffusion, active transport, and osmosis. Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient (Chiras, 1999). However, there are two main types of diffusion: Simple and facilitated diffusion. In simple diffusion, molecules pass through the semi permeable membrane without assistance. Continue reading...

Introduction

Accurately measuring the protein concentration is necessary in biochemistry as the proteins are used for measuring the activity in the case for example enzyme reactions (Aitken, 1996). Usually determining the protein concentration is the first step in a biochemical protocol and have inaccuracy can lead to overall inaccuracies in all the experiments. However, getting an accurate protein concentration is daunting and although there has been nearly 100 years of biochemical research on proteins no method yields absolutely accurate results. However, direct spectroscopy (if the extinction coefficient is known and Lowry technique are good methods and offer good sensitivity (Aitken, Continue reading...

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This lab experiment is aimed at studying the rate of reaction involving enzymes by observing the change in absorbance when the reaction is carried out. This experiment will illustrate both the methods of using the linked assay method.

Introduction

The reaction rate of reactions involving enzymes is studied spectrophotometrically by monitoring the change in absorbance at different intervals during the reaction. The accurate measurement of glucose is important in the diagnosis and management of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The enzymes that will be used in this experiment are Hexokinase (HK) and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PDH). The nicotinamide coenzymes are Nicotinamide Continue reading...

Abstract

Growth incorporates a uniform increase in the volume of cellular components. All organisms grow as a main biological characteristics. Growth is a factor that can be measured using a number of parameters and determined standards incorporated as well. The reproduction amongst most bacteria take place through binary fission. There are factors affecting growth amongst organisms such as temperature. Since growth depends largely on enzyme activity, which also relies greatly on temperature then the former can be used as a factor of the latter and both can provide reliable information in determining the population growth. Throughout this laboratory evaluation, rates Continue reading...

Results

Data
The following tables and graphs show the data of the experiment:
y=2.01E+4x-7.31E-02
Figure 1: Beer’s law graph generated from the data of part 1 of the experiment

Sample Calculations

Concentration of the sample containing 5.0mL dye solution (C2).
C1V1=C2V2
In the above formula, C1 and V1 represent the concentration and volume respectively of the first sample of the Indigo Carmine dye solution whose absorbance was measured (4.0mL dye solution). On the other hand, C2 and V2 represent the concentration and volume respectively of the 5.0mL dye solution sample.
7.1E-05*4.0=C2*5
28.4E-055=C2
C2=5.68E-05

The value was truncated to 2 significant figures to obtain 5.6E-05M

Concentration of the 7.0mL dye Continue reading...

Introduction

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that is most critical in the process of biomineralization (Whitehurst & Law 2002). The enzyme enhances the hydrolysis of substances that constitute phosphates, generates orthophosphate besides enhancing the calcium uptake. Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolytic enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from DNA and proteins. A typical substrate for the enzyme is para-nitrophenol phosphate that is hydrolysed to para nitrophenol by the enzyme. This has an absorbance at 410nm and so activity of the enzyme can be measured spectrophotometrically.
In humans, the main sources of alkaline phosphatase are the liver, bile duct, kidney bone and Continue reading...

Abstract:

The main purpose of conduction the photosynthesis experiment was to carry out paper chromatography in order to determine the pigments involved in photosynthesis. Secondly, the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll was determined in order to determine the wavelengths useful in photosynthesis. Third, the experiment aimed at examining chloroplasts utilizing the Hill reaction. Lastly, the relationship between light, photosynthesis, and chloroplasts was to be investigated. This would help in providing insight into the electron transport and carbon fixation phases of photosynthesis. Paper chromatography was used to separate pigments in plants. Xanthophyll was found to travel the fastest. The absorption spectrum of Continue reading...

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Abstract
The paper introduces a brief review on solar cells and different techniques that have been used to increase the efficiency. The discussion is then directed towards the current and cutting edge challenges on the issues related to fabrication and the increase in the solar cell efficiency. Primary focus is on the use of nanostructures in the context of solar cell fabrication and performance. The paper specifically informs on the use of techniques which focus on light absorption and trapping . One such technique which is reported in the paper is the fabrication of transparent Continue reading...

Introduction

Disposal of pharmaceutical products into the water bodies poses a serious threat to the existence of aquatic life. For instance, synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) 17α-ethinyl estriradiol have a significant effect on the physiology of aquatic organisms (Rohde, 264). Consequently, there is the need to devise environment-friendly and efficient means of removing such pollutants from the ecosystem. Diatrizoic acid (DTZA) is one of the most widely used pharmaceutical products in our daily life. It is an x-ray contrast media compound commonly used in the imaging of soft tissues. Ferrate is a suitable disinfectant for removing these pollutants from water. Continue reading...

The study aims to identify the 24 testosterone injections taken from different illicit sources. The analytical investigation quantifying range and linearity of testosterone were based on the HPLC and LC-MS techniques where Sustanon 250® was chosen as a pharmaceutical standard against samples. The advanced performance such as great speed, sensitivity and higher selectivity of HPLC made it preferred choice for separation and identification method. For an accurate quantitative analysis, UV detection approach is combined with HPLC. The main advantage of HPLC method is that it does not need heating of the sample heating which decreases the risk of sample Continue reading...

Introduction

Lightning is a great source of energy and affects the production of oxygen in the atmosphere. In fact, it contributes almost half percent of nitrogen and oxygen in the Earth surface. When lightning strikes, a chemical reaction occurs that can generate certain NOx chemical product. This NOx is primarily formed by a chemical reaction between NO and NO2 reactants. These reactants can be used to study the factors affecting the nature of lightning. It can also determine the production of certain NOx and NO2gas in a reaction. Therefore, this experiment is done to investigate the great source of NOx Continue reading...