Concentration Reports Samples That Help You Write Better, Faster & with Gusto

Diffusion, osmosis, and functional significance of biological membranes

Abstract
Diffusion is the process in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. If a semipermeable membrane is involved in this movement then this process is known as Osmosis. Semipermeable membrane is any biological membrane in the body that is selectively permeable. These membranes protect the cell from external environment. These are also involved in the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. This movement of molecules result in the differences in concentration until an equilibrium is established. In this research, we have done experiments on Elodea cells to Continue reading...

Introduction

Body cells are surrounded by plasma membrane that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cells. Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable. Consequently, it can only allow certain substances to move across it into the cells or out of the cell. Three main processes are involved in the movement of substances across the plasma membrane: diffusion, active transport, and osmosis. Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient (Chiras, 1999). However, there are two main types of diffusion: Simple and facilitated diffusion. In simple diffusion, molecules pass through the semi permeable membrane without assistance. Continue reading...

Results

Data
The following tables and graphs show the data of the experiment:
y=2.01E+4x-7.31E-02
Figure 1: Beer’s law graph generated from the data of part 1 of the experiment

Sample Calculations

Concentration of the sample containing 5.0mL dye solution (C2).
C1V1=C2V2
In the above formula, C1 and V1 represent the concentration and volume respectively of the first sample of the Indigo Carmine dye solution whose absorbance was measured (4.0mL dye solution). On the other hand, C2 and V2 represent the concentration and volume respectively of the 5.0mL dye solution sample.
7.1E-05*4.0=C2*5
28.4E-055=C2
C2=5.68E-05

The value was truncated to 2 significant figures to obtain 5.6E-05M

Concentration of the 7.0mL dye Continue reading...

A Two-Part Experiment: Spectrometric Method for the Determination of Olive Oil Grade Using Spectra Matching and Determination of Nickel (II) Nitrate Concentration Using Beer’s Law

Introduction

Beers’s law is an important concept in chemistry. According to this concept, the concentration of a compound is directly proportional to its degree of absorbance. This means that as the concentration of a colored compound increases then its absorbance will also increase. This concept is usually employed in the determination of the concentration for a particular compound. In accordance with the concept of Beer’s law, chemists usually employ spectrum matching to Continue reading...

Introduction

Accurately measuring the protein concentration is necessary in biochemistry as the proteins are used for measuring the activity in the case for example enzyme reactions (Aitken, 1996). Usually determining the protein concentration is the first step in a biochemical protocol and have inaccuracy can lead to overall inaccuracies in all the experiments. However, getting an accurate protein concentration is daunting and although there has been nearly 100 years of biochemical research on proteins no method yields absolutely accurate results. However, direct spectroscopy (if the extinction coefficient is known and Lowry technique are good methods and offer good sensitivity (Aitken, Continue reading...

Back titration of Calcium Carbonate with Sodium Hydroxide.

Introduction
Here the amount of Calcium Carbonate is asked and because it is an insoluble salt "back titration" is used. Titration is a method which it's another name is volumetric method, in this method a reactant is used to bring a reaction to endpoint. In this method, one sample (unknown) value is determined by a standard (known) value.
But "back titration" is needed because here Calcium Carbonate is an insoluble salt and it's not possible to calculate its amount by direct titration.
In this experiment first calcium carbonate was reacted with an excess known hydrochloric acid and the unreacted Continue reading...

Introduction

Lightning is a great source of energy and affects the production of oxygen in the atmosphere. In fact, it contributes almost half percent of nitrogen and oxygen in the Earth surface. When lightning strikes, a chemical reaction occurs that can generate certain NOx chemical product. This NOx is primarily formed by a chemical reaction between NO and NO2 reactants. These reactants can be used to study the factors affecting the nature of lightning. It can also determine the production of certain NOx and NO2gas in a reaction. Therefore, this experiment is done to investigate the great source of NOx Continue reading...

CONTENT OUTLINE

Air Pollution and Control in Hebei Province 3

INTRODUCTION 3
FINDINGS ON THE PROBLEM 4
The Concentration of Major Pollutants in the Air 4
Notable Sources of Pollutants 5
Current Efforts to Alleviate the Pollutants in the Air 5
RECOMMNEDATIONS TO PREVENT AND ALLEVIATE THE POLLUTANTS 6
Preventing 6
Alleviating 6
Perspectives of Alleviation 7
Alleviation Processes and Technologies 8
Cost 8
CONCLUSION 9

References 10

Air Pollution and Control in Hebei Province
INTRODUCTION
Hebei Province has been ranked as one of the Chinese provinces that experience most air pollutions. In January 2013, The Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) noted that out of 10 most air Continue reading...

Abstract

For centuries, mining has been taking place in different parts of the world, from the shallow waters, deep waters and even on dry land. Some mining activities having been a result of natural happenings such as flooding, while others have been a result human activity, which leads to environmental degradation that in return leads to discovery of metals and minerals, such as soil erosion. However, for the existence of some minerals to be discovered, it was influenced by the human nature of curiosity or through scientific experiments. The Tamar Valley Region, North of Plymouth in Southwest England is one Continue reading...

Introduction

Disposal of pharmaceutical products into the water bodies poses a serious threat to the existence of aquatic life. For instance, synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) 17α-ethinyl estriradiol have a significant effect on the physiology of aquatic organisms (Rohde, 264). Consequently, there is the need to devise environment-friendly and efficient means of removing such pollutants from the ecosystem. Diatrizoic acid (DTZA) is one of the most widely used pharmaceutical products in our daily life. It is an x-ray contrast media compound commonly used in the imaging of soft tissues. Ferrate is a suitable disinfectant for removing these pollutants from water. Continue reading...

Climate Change and Asthma

Human activity has created increased atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases, which has resulted in global climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001). There is scientific consensus that human activity has changed the Earth’s climate, with a variety of adverse reactions. Recent research has predicted that global climate change is likely to have an effect on asthma rates worldwide in the future (Beggs and Bambrick 2006). Asthma rates have increased from 7.3 percent of the population to 8.4 percent over the last decade. Other research suggests the observed increase in asthma could be due to Continue reading...

Abstract

In the laboratory assignment, the experimental investigation of the distillation process is performed. The mixture of dichloromethane and trichloroethylene was separated using the glass distillation column. The influence of power input on temperatures and column flow rate was investigated. Apparently, the power input increases the efficiency of the process. The experiment had three main tasks: study of the variation of the pressure drop, application of refractometer as an express method of binary mixture composition analysis, and estimation of the column efficiency.
It has been proven that the boil-up rate is directly proportional to pressure drop. Although there is some Continue reading...

Immunoprecipitation of Activated MAP Kinase

Abstract
MAP Kinases are protein kinases which have many roles in different biological processes. MAP Kinase ERK1/2 can be phosphorylated by another protein kinase at two amino acid residues and is involved in phosphorylating other target proteins. The following laboratory experiment examines the phosphorylation of MAP Kinase ERK1/2 from rat muscle cells under stimulating (in the presence of insulin) and inhibitory (in the presence of PD98059) conditions. Phosphorylated forms of MAP Kinase were detected by immunoprecipitation using an antibody that is specific for phosphotyrosine, followed by immunoblot analysis. The results of this experiment are discussed.

Introduction

MAP Kinases, also known Continue reading...

The aim of this experiment is to investigate the reason of poisoning in a patient whether from mineral bottled water and a saline drip by using ICP-MS and ICP-OES.
A patient was found suffered from excessive Sodium levels in his body. A recently given saline drip was assumed to be a reason, so two saline drips have been investigated. Another reason for this toxicity is that the patients may have consumed it through bottled mineral water. To solve the problem, it is necessary to measure the Sodium levels in saline drips. The evaluation of toxic metal is required to Continue reading...

Objective: Investigate the effect of increasing temperature on enzyme activity.

Introduction: Enzymes are biological catalyst. All most all the functions in the cell are regulated by these enzymes. Except for RNAase, all most all the enzymes are proteins. Enzymes are very efficient and specific in the reaction they catalyze. All enzymes exhibit four common features: I. Enzymes do not make a reaction to occur; they can only fasten the reaction rate. II. Enzyme molecule is not permanently altered by the reaction, though they may be altered transiently. However at the end of the reaction they emerged unchanged and can be used over and over again. III. Enzyme can catalyze Continue reading...

Introduction

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that is most critical in the process of biomineralization (Whitehurst & Law 2002). The enzyme enhances the hydrolysis of substances that constitute phosphates, generates orthophosphate besides enhancing the calcium uptake. Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolytic enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from DNA and proteins. A typical substrate for the enzyme is para-nitrophenol phosphate that is hydrolysed to para nitrophenol by the enzyme. This has an absorbance at 410nm and so activity of the enzyme can be measured spectrophotometrically.
In humans, the main sources of alkaline phosphatase are the liver, bile duct, kidney bone and Continue reading...

Introduction

This experiment has two aims. The first aim was to investigate the effect of the type of calorimeter on the temperature change recorded when hot and cold water is mixed. In the second aim, the experiment sought to investigate how the type of a catalyst affects the reaction. The experiment was divided into two main parts: week 1 and week 2. Week 1 was further divided into two parts: part1 and part 2. Part 1 sought to determine the calorimeter constant. On the other hand, part 2 sought to measure the heat of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The research Continue reading...

Executive Summary

The main objective of strategic analysis of both the internal and external factors of an organization is to maximize its potential resources, strengths and opportunities and at the same time, minimize the weaknesses and possible threats to its growth. This analysis often involves people in the strategy and experts to conduct meetings that bring people together. To understand the marketing strategy with deep information and comprehend it, a considerable interest is required to study and analyze the current situation of the company. It will help a given company to evolve as the leader of the market and combat the Continue reading...

Objectives

The Objective of this lab is to learn how to visualize electric fields using different electrode configurations which help to generate different electric fields. In this experimentation the mapping of electric equi- potential lines and electric field lines is done only for two dimensional charge configuration.

Procedure

A comprehensive procedure is used as per the material provided to us in the class. Basically, this experimentation is in 2 parts as described. In the first part there are a set of charged conductors in a water tank used to create an electric field. A digital Multi- Meter (DMM) is used to Continue reading...

Analysis of The Goal

The theory of constraints has three variations; inventory, throughput and the operation expense. Inventory is applied to explain the money, which the system has utilized to purchase the materials that it wants to sell (Lang 87). The operational expenses involve the finances used by the system to transform the inventory to the throughput. Throughput involves the rate that the system applies in generating money by sales. The three variations operate in an interlinked manner, because one variable has the ability of influencing the other variable. The variations have different meanings to the traditional definitions. This is because the meanings Continue reading...