Free Essays on Immune Response to Get Inspired & Learn by Example

Essay

Introduction
The choice of antimicrobial agent has a principal meaning for effective treatment of the infections which can be evoked by different causative pathogens. This paper reviews categories of antimicrobial agents, describes the differences between viral and bacterial infections and considers the importance of determining viral or bacterial etiology of the disease for choosing a specific antimicrobial agent.

Summary

All antimicrobials are basically divided into four broad categories: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic agents. This classification is based on the type\spectrum of microorganisms these drugs are targeted at, the way of their action and their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics ( Continue reading...

Introduction

The complement system is a complex set of proteins that are constantly present in the blood. This cascade system of proteolytic enzymes intended for humoral defense against the action of foreign agents, it participates in the immune response. It is an important component of both the innate and adaptive immune system.
The complement system functions as a cascade of biochemical reactions. Complement is activated by three biochemical pathways: classical, lectin and alternative way. All three ways are produce different versions of activation C3-convertase (a protein that cleaves C3). The classic way (it was opened first, but is a new Continue reading...

Introduction:

T-Helper cells play a fundamental role in adaptive immune response i.e. the type of response exhibited by lymphocytes later in infection. T-Helper cells are essentially inactive, but are activated by the antigen displayed on the surface of mature Antigen Presenting Cells (APC’s) activated by infection. T-Helper cells provide signals to B cells to mature into Plasma cells, which secrete antibody specific to the same type of antigen that is displayed on the surface of APC’s (such as dendritic cells). Antibodies primarily function to neutralize and eliminate microbes present in the extracellular environment of the cell. Similarly, activated Continue reading...

Background

Cellular immunity is an immune response in which the protection function of immunization is attributed to cells. It occurs when phagocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are activated to respond to an antigen in the body. The centrality of CD4 cells and T cells in the prevention of pathogens cannot be gainsaid. In cellular immunity, cytotoxic T cells use cytokines to kill apoptosis (Cooper & Khader, 2008). Humoral immunity is the immune response in which the protection function of immunization is attributed to the humor. Macromolecules in extracellular fluids mediate humoral immunity. These fluids include antibodies, peptides and complement proteins. The processes Continue reading...

Introduction:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) suggests that food allergies are caused due to adverse immune response by the body on exposure to certain food; this reaction is different from the adverse response to food due to food intolerance, pharmacologic reactions and other toxin-mediated reactions (Shekelle, P., M. Maglione, and M. Riedl., 2010). It results from a Th2-polarized immune response to environmental proteins called allergens. In 90% of the cases of food allergies, 170 food proteins called allergens, are responsible. Some of these are nuts, legumes, fruits, egg, milk, and seafood.Animal protein allergens are more common among Continue reading...

Cryptosporidium parvum is a waterborne disease caused by drinking or swallowing contaminated water. Aside from that, it also spreads by eating uncooked food and coming in contact with the feces of infected individuals or animals. The number of cases of Cryptosporidium reported in 2010 was 8,951. The usual rate of reported cases of Cryptosporidium is between 2.3% and 3.9% per 100,000 populations. However, the estimated number shows that the frequency of infection is 100 times higher than the number of reported cases. Cryptosporidium, which is a protozoan parasite, has its present everywhere around the world except Antarctica Continue reading...

Medicine

(Department)

Introduction of Regulatory T cell

Regulatory T (Treg) cells belong to the family of T cells, which are important in modulating the activity of the immune system. These cells are involved in suppression or downregulation of induction and proliferation of effector T cells. They help in protection from immune-mediated diseases. In the past few years, extensive research has been done on regulatory T cells, and numerous functions of these cells have been found in various diseases such as allergy, autoimmunity related diseases, cancer, and microbial infection. Regulatory T cells are thought to be produced in the thymus from precursor cells having high affinity Continue reading...

Essay 1. Immune Systems

There are two major groups of foreign substances and microscopic organisms that the immune system of the body could distinguished. The first group are the antigens that are freely moving around the body which includes viruses and foreign cells. The second group are the cells displaying aberrant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins (Brito & Hinton, 1993). These cells includes self-cells which are invaded by the tumor cells and pathogens. In general, humoral immune response recognizes the antigens that are freely circulating around the body while the cell-mediated response recognizes the cells displaying aberrant MHC proteins (Rosenberg & Gallin, 1999).
The humoral Continue reading...