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Section 1: Catalysis

Introduction
Catalysis is a process by which chemical reactions are hastened by small amounts of external substances, called catalysts. A suitable catalyst can alter the rate of a thermodynamically attainable reaction, but cannot disturb the position of thermodynamic equilibrium. Most catalysts are solids or fluids, however they may likewise be gasses. Catalysis is a cyclic process. The reactants form a chemical complex with the catalyst, subsequently opening a pathway for their conversion into the respective products, following which the catalyst is released and allows the cycle to continue. Now, catalysts do not have infinite lifetimes. As a result of Continue reading...

Biology

Abstract 3
Background 4
1.1 Methods 4
1.2 Evidence 4
1.3 Causes 6
2. Anthropogenic Activity and the Greenhouse Effect 6
2.1 Factors Accelerating Global Warming 7
2.2 Factors Slowing Global Warming 7
3. Possible Scenarios of Global Climate Change 7
4. Effects of Global Warming 8
4.1 Solutions 9
5. Arguments 10
5.1 Arguments against anthropogenic climate change 10
5.2 Arguments for anthropogenic climate change 11
Conclusion 12

References 13

Abstract
Global warming – or climate change as it is now more commonly referred to – has emerged as a hot topic issue in the past thirty years. Old hypotheses are constantly Continue reading...

When a surface is immerged in a fluid, such as water, hydrostatic forces develop on the contacting surface due to the fluid. Knowledge about these forces is of great importance in hydraulic systems, such as in the design of storage tanks, ships, and dams (Kudela 1).
1. Relevant Theory
For stationary fluids (fluids at rest) it is known that the force must be perpendicular to the surface as a reaction to the weight of the object, and because there are no shear stresses present. It is also known that the pressure suffers a linear variation with the depth if Continue reading...

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a weather phenomenon that illustrates the cycle of temperature change in the ocean’s surface. Essentially, the ENSO is a fluctuation of the ocean temperature in the Pacific Ocean, particularly the surface of the water found in the equatorial region. When the water’s temperature is warm, it is in the El Niño phase. On the other hand, when the water’s temperature is cool, it is in the La Niña phase. To determine the phase of oscillation, it is based on the sea surface temperatures (SST). Aside from Continue reading...

Other

(Department)

Abstract

Breast cancer is the form of cancer that develops in the breast tissue. It is usually represented by lump/s in the breast, dimpling and red scaly patch of the skin, change in the shape of breast, swelling in the armpit, and fluid coming from the nipple. There are different types of breast cancer, and the most important aspect of different cancers is the presence or absence of different receptors that are involved in the development or growth of cancer. Three important types of receptors that are related to breast cancer cells are Oestrogen receptor (ER) involving oestrogen, Progesterone Continue reading...

The Earth's atmosphere consists essentially of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). 1% mostly belongs to argon and other substances. These gases are transparent to sunlight passing through them and heat the Earth's surface. Warm earth and oceans in their turn heat the lower part of the atmosphere. Part of this heat re-enters the space. If this is all over, the average temperature on Earth would not exceed -18 ° C instead of the current 15 ° C.
The temperature at the surface of the Earth is the result of an equilibrium established between radiation coming from the sun and the energy Continue reading...

What are the current leading indicators of climate change as well as the leading causes of global climate change?

Indicators of climate change: Rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, rise in the global surface temperature, rise in sea surface temperature, increase in the extreme climate events, increase in the sea surface temperature, rise in the mean global sea level are the leading indicators of climate change.
Leading causes of global climate change: Environmental scientists identified both the natural and manmade factors behind the global climate change. The leading causes that induce global climate change are: Changes in greenhouse effect in the earth`s atmosphere, change in the intensity of Sun`s energy reaching the earth, changes Continue reading...

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to investigate an effect of aging time on mechanical properties and wear characteristics of Al12Si3Cu1Mg1.78Ni alloy. This alloy is used for aluminium piston parts. The solution treatment was carried out at 500oC for 5 hours followed by water quenching. Subsequent aging was carried out at 1800C with various solution treatments times for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours. As-cast microstructure of this alloy contains eutectic Si, Mg2Si, Al2Cu, Al3Ni and various other intermetallic phases. After solution treatment, the flake like and acicular eutectic silicon appears to Continue reading...

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Abstract
The paper introduces a brief review on solar cells and different techniques that have been used to increase the efficiency. The discussion is then directed towards the current and cutting edge challenges on the issues related to fabrication and the increase in the solar cell efficiency. Primary focus is on the use of nanostructures in the context of solar cell fabrication and performance. The paper specifically informs on the use of techniques which focus on light absorption and trapping . One such technique which is reported in the paper is the fabrication of transparent Continue reading...

The planet earth is rich in mineral resources, which are buried deep under the surface. Some of these treasures include oil and gas which are vital energy sources both for commercial and non-commercial use. The large quantity of gas and oil found in the geologic formations has a poor flow rate, which is worsened by the low permeability and clogging caused by rocks and other geologic features. Tight sands and shales are some of the impermeable geologic structures that inhibit the free flow of oil and gas from geologic formation. Advanced technology has made it possible for the resources Continue reading...