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Section 1: Catalysis

Introduction
Catalysis is a process by which chemical reactions are hastened by small amounts of external substances, called catalysts. A suitable catalyst can alter the rate of a thermodynamically attainable reaction, but cannot disturb the position of thermodynamic equilibrium. Most catalysts are solids or fluids, however they may likewise be gasses. Catalysis is a cyclic process. The reactants form a chemical complex with the catalyst, subsequently opening a pathway for their conversion into the respective products, following which the catalyst is released and allows the cycle to continue. Now, catalysts do not have infinite lifetimes. As a result of Continue reading...

A Study on the effects of Squeeze Pressure on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Characteristics of Near-Eutectic Al-Si Piston Alloys with variable Cu contents.

Abstract:

This paper discusses the effects of squeeze pressure on the microstructure, wear characteristics and the mechanical properties of near eutectic Al-Si piston alloys with variable Copper (Cu) content. The paper starts with a description of Al-Si alloys and the features that make them desirable for use as piston alloys. The impact of alloying elements on the mechanical properties, microstructure and wear characteristics are also discussed where it is determined that adding alloying elements such as Continue reading...

Biology

Abstract 3
Background 4
1.1 Methods 4
1.2 Evidence 4
1.3 Causes 6
2. Anthropogenic Activity and the Greenhouse Effect 6
2.1 Factors Accelerating Global Warming 7
2.2 Factors Slowing Global Warming 7
3. Possible Scenarios of Global Climate Change 7
4. Effects of Global Warming 8
4.1 Solutions 9
5. Arguments 10
5.1 Arguments against anthropogenic climate change 10
5.2 Arguments for anthropogenic climate change 11
Conclusion 12

References 13

Abstract
Global warming – or climate change as it is now more commonly referred to – has emerged as a hot topic issue in the past thirty years. Old hypotheses are constantly Continue reading...

When a surface is immerged in a fluid, such as water, hydrostatic forces develop on the contacting surface due to the fluid. Knowledge about these forces is of great importance in hydraulic systems, such as in the design of storage tanks, ships, and dams (Kudela 1).
1. Relevant Theory
For stationary fluids (fluids at rest) it is known that the force must be perpendicular to the surface as a reaction to the weight of the object, and because there are no shear stresses present. It is also known that the pressure suffers a linear variation with the depth if Continue reading...

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a weather phenomenon that illustrates the cycle of temperature change in the ocean’s surface. Essentially, the ENSO is a fluctuation of the ocean temperature in the Pacific Ocean, particularly the surface of the water found in the equatorial region. When the water’s temperature is warm, it is in the El Niño phase. On the other hand, when the water’s temperature is cool, it is in the La Niña phase. To determine the phase of oscillation, it is based on the sea surface temperatures (SST). Aside from Continue reading...

Other

(Department)

Abstract

Breast cancer is the form of cancer that develops in the breast tissue. It is usually represented by lump/s in the breast, dimpling and red scaly patch of the skin, change in the shape of breast, swelling in the armpit, and fluid coming from the nipple. There are different types of breast cancer, and the most important aspect of different cancers is the presence or absence of different receptors that are involved in the development or growth of cancer. Three important types of receptors that are related to breast cancer cells are Oestrogen receptor (ER) involving oestrogen, Progesterone Continue reading...

Abstract

Coal is known as the main contributor to the rapid development of human civilizations. It is considered as one of the most essential rocks due to its economic and industrial value. However, research indicates that coal is a complex source of pollutants which include several severely harming pollutants. The process of burning coal has been the main cause of the worsening of pollution all over the globe. Coal burning emits minerals and substances that are hazardous and severely damages the air, water, and soil. This research includes an in-depth overview of coal as a source of energy, the pollutants Continue reading...

The Earth's atmosphere consists essentially of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). 1% mostly belongs to argon and other substances. These gases are transparent to sunlight passing through them and heat the Earth's surface. Warm earth and oceans in their turn heat the lower part of the atmosphere. Part of this heat re-enters the space. If this is all over, the average temperature on Earth would not exceed -18 ° C instead of the current 15 ° C.
The temperature at the surface of the Earth is the result of an equilibrium established between radiation coming from the sun and the energy Continue reading...

Introduction

The consensus from scientists and resource experts seemed to be that, as early as 2008, the United States of America, not just Southern California, will be facing an era of water scarcity (Schneider, 2008). More than 10 years ago, the General Accounting Office, an investigative link of the U.S. Congress, surveyed water managers in 36 states. And the consensus was an anticipated water shortage statewide, or at least locally or regionally, within the next 10 years. Nearly all Californians believe that water shortage is a serious problem in the state (Reuters, 2015).
However, Southern California plays a crucial role Continue reading...

What are the current leading indicators of climate change as well as the leading causes of global climate change?

Indicators of climate change: Rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, rise in the global surface temperature, rise in sea surface temperature, increase in the extreme climate events, increase in the sea surface temperature, rise in the mean global sea level are the leading indicators of climate change.
Leading causes of global climate change: Environmental scientists identified both the natural and manmade factors behind the global climate change. The leading causes that induce global climate change are: Changes in greenhouse effect in the earth`s atmosphere, change in the intensity of Sun`s energy reaching the earth, changes Continue reading...