Free Essays on Immune to Get Inspired & Learn by Example

Literature Review

Introduction
Discussion of the existing literature on the preventions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), find cases of HIV-exposed seronegative individuals frequently considered representative models of novel prevention efforts. Reference to individuals demonstrating innate natural resistance to HIV infection identify as HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) [1]. Despite the advances in the study of management of HESN of the HIV infection, none of the associations related with resistance to HIV infection including multiple genetic and immune factors account for all cases of HIV-exposed seronegativity [2].
Paul McLaren and his colleagues write of their findings of the potential mechanisms of resistance to HIV Continue reading...

Definition of Disease Process: 3

Disease process of HIV 3
Acute infection stage 4
Clinical latency stage 5
AIDS 5
Diagnosis 5
Prognosis 6
Treatment 6
Signs and Symptoms 6
Nursing Diagnosis 7
Immune System 7
Integumentary System 8
Respiratory System 8
Nervous System 9
GI System 9
Endocrine System 9
Urinary System 10
Cardiovascular System 10
Reproductive System 10
Musculoskeletal System 11
Conclusion 11

Works cited 12

Definition of Disease Process:
Disease process of HIV
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes one of the most severe deficiency disorders affecting the immune system. HIV positive person has AIDS or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. If the HIV is treated at Continue reading...

Thesis statement: Individuals diagnosed as HIV-positive can now live long and productive lives. Breaking the stigma of HIV, dispelling baseless myths, taking antiviral drugs and living a healthy lifestyle are keys to ensure that an HIV patient would live a long and normal life.

Introduction

The past two decades have seen the improvement on the projection of individuals found positive with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). A report prepared and released by the United States Department of Veteran Affairs (VA), majority of HIV patients have lifespans that extend beyond 15 years with the use of medication. However, HIV patients are most Continue reading...

Introduction:

T-Helper cells play a fundamental role in adaptive immune response i.e. the type of response exhibited by lymphocytes later in infection. T-Helper cells are essentially inactive, but are activated by the antigen displayed on the surface of mature Antigen Presenting Cells (APC’s) activated by infection. T-Helper cells provide signals to B cells to mature into Plasma cells, which secrete antibody specific to the same type of antigen that is displayed on the surface of APC’s (such as dendritic cells). Antibodies primarily function to neutralize and eliminate microbes present in the extracellular environment of the cell. Similarly, activated Continue reading...

Definition of the Disease . 3

Signs and Symptoms ... 4

Nursing Diagnosis 5

Musculoskeletal system .. 5
Immune System .. 5

Integumentary System 5

Gastrointestinal System . 6
Cardiovascular System 6
Endocrine System ... 7
Urinary System .. 7 Respiratory System . 7
Nervous System .. 8
Reproductive System 8
Bibliography .. 9
Definition of the Disease Process
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease initially affecting the small joints of the hands and feet (Shlotzhauer and McGuire). It appears similar to osteoarthritis, but rather than based on normal wear on the joints, it causes the lining of the joint to swell, resulting in joint deformity and erosion of the bone. As Continue reading...

Questions

Paper 1 to 4
1. Briefly define the following (i.e., is it a receptor? If so what type of receptor? etc.) And provide a one sentence description of the biological function or role in the study.
a. AhR. AhR is aryl hydrocarbon receptor that is involved in hyperlipidemia (Wu 1260). It is also involved in environmental chemical-induced organ toxicity (Sherr 1245).
b. ApoE-/-. It is apoliprotein. ApoE-/- mice are found to have increased chances of developing ischemic heart diseases as a result of exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and AhR activation (Wu 1260).
c. CH223191. It is Continue reading...

Vaccines

Vaccines

Introduction

A vaccination is an artificial immunity provider which enhances the immunity system of children and adults to a particular disease. A vaccine is prepared by killing a microbe, its surface proteins or toxins and consists of an agent that is similar to the microorganism present in the disease for which a vaccine is developed. Through vaccination, the agent is able to stimulate the immune system of the body to recognize this agent as a major threat, harm and destroy it and keep a record of it so that if it attacks the next time, an individual immune system Continue reading...

IMMUNITY

IMMUNITY

The human body has the ability to fight against any microorganism that attacks the system and hence is capable of protecting itself from numbers of diseases. The body has two types of immunity, the specific and the non specific one. The non specific one is basically the innate ability of the body to fight against any invading antigen. These defenses are the natural protective layer the body has, for example, the skin and the mucous membrane. The skin acts as a barrier to millions of microbes that are surrounding us all along. Similarly, the mucous membrane has certain Continue reading...

Management of Varicella Zoster in Skilled Nursing Facilities

Introduction:
Nursing Facilities are usually the home for elder people. It is evident that the global population is aging. It is a natural process that no one can ever stop. Early in the 20th century the life expectancy of most Americans was up only to 47 years old. But as modernization happens along with the discovery of medicinal plants and the building of medical facilities, the American life expectance has raised to about 76-80 years old in the beginning of the 21st century (Lassi et. al., 2014).
However, with the fact that the human body is aging infectious and Continue reading...

(Institution Name)

What is Tuberculosis and how it originated?

Amongst many diseases that are notorious for having caused several deaths and ailments, tuberculosis stands out as a highly ranked one. Known as TB, this is a bacterial infection that spreads to the lymph nodes of lungs causing severe coughing initially followed by blood vomits and eventually the last stage that can be fatal.
The grounds where this bacteria fights, are the blood vessels that also serve as highways for it. Through them, it travels and reaches through to the other parts of the body. However, it is still mainly found in lungs.
A very odd thing Continue reading...

A 63 old women was brought to the emergency unit, late night. Her partner was concerned that she is acting crazy. The patient has complained headache during the day time and was ill. She awakened at late night and was confused, repeating strange words that made no sense. No history of smoking, alcohol or illicit drug use noticed in the patient. The patient had no recent surgeries, or drug allergies.
On physical examination, pulse 106, BP-150/- respiration 19/minute and oxygen saturation 97% on room air. Temperature was 38.3C. The patient did not cooperate for physical examination and reacted briskly Continue reading...

Medicine

(Department)

Introduction of Regulatory T cell

Regulatory T (Treg) cells belong to the family of T cells, which are important in modulating the activity of the immune system. These cells are involved in suppression or downregulation of induction and proliferation of effector T cells. They help in protection from immune-mediated diseases. In the past few years, extensive research has been done on regulatory T cells, and numerous functions of these cells have been found in various diseases such as allergy, autoimmunity related diseases, cancer, and microbial infection. Regulatory T cells are thought to be produced in the thymus from precursor cells having high affinity Continue reading...

Introduction

The complement system is a complex set of proteins that are constantly present in the blood. This cascade system of proteolytic enzymes intended for humoral defense against the action of foreign agents, it participates in the immune response. It is an important component of both the innate and adaptive immune system.
The complement system functions as a cascade of biochemical reactions. Complement is activated by three biochemical pathways: classical, lectin and alternative way. All three ways are produce different versions of activation C3-convertase (a protein that cleaves C3). The classic way (it was opened first, but is a new Continue reading...

Abstract

HPV-associated cancers are caused by HPV, which is a non-enveloped double stranded DNA virus that is ubiquitous in nature. It attacks the squamous epithelial cells present in the mucous membranes of the body. The virus manifests itself as benign warts or as malignant cancers. Some of the cancers caused by HPV are HPV-associated squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (HNSCC), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV+ HNSCC is the sixth most common cancer in the world. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women and Continue reading...

Introduction

Tuberculosis is a disease that has already infected one-third of the world’s population. Caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is a disease that can attach not only the lungs, but also other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidney, and spine (World Health Organization, 2010). Most cases have been recorded in Southeast Asia and Africa, and if left untreated, it could lead to the patient’s death. In addition, each untreated incident of tuberculosis can result in another 10 to 15 people infected annually (World Health Organization, 2010). It is a disease that was considered eradicated; Continue reading...

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

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Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

BACKGROUND:

In this case study, Carolyn is a perfectly healthy female besides she recently developed of red dots over his skin and gums. He has a prolonged clotting screen and is diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
According to Silverman and Dyne (2015), ITP is also known as primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. They defined ITP as an isolated type thrombocytopenia in which the bone marrow is normal and all other causes of thrombocytopenia are adequately excluded. It occurs acute Continue reading...

Background

Cellular immunity is an immune response in which the protection function of immunization is attributed to cells. It occurs when phagocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are activated to respond to an antigen in the body. The centrality of CD4 cells and T cells in the prevention of pathogens cannot be gainsaid. In cellular immunity, cytotoxic T cells use cytokines to kill apoptosis (Cooper & Khader, 2008). Humoral immunity is the immune response in which the protection function of immunization is attributed to the humor. Macromolecules in extracellular fluids mediate humoral immunity. These fluids include antibodies, peptides and complement proteins. The processes Continue reading...

The population of the Earth is seven billion and counting. With the number of resources in short supply, people need to the ways to meet their natural human needs like nutrition. Seeing as how limited the number of arable lands fit for crop cultivation is, there has always been the need for the stimulation of the amount of food produced. Over the centuries, the humanity has developed a great number of cultivation techniques and instruments to provide for the growing number of Earth population. While people do what is a strategic planning calculating the requisite amount of food readily Continue reading...

Abstract

The paper looks into Lamiaceae herbs such as Rosemary, Basil, Sage, oregano, etc. and their long and traditional use as medicinal in culinary herbs. These herbs have long been used and even during ancient times. The antioxidant properties of Lamiaceae herbs have been a major focus of scientific studies and are commonly used as ornamental plants, grown in kitchen and house gardens. The paper looks at their origin, methods of consumption and how these plants are used. The different bioactive compounds present in Lamiaceae herbs and the health benefits are discussed in detail. These herbs are known to carry Continue reading...

INTRODUCTION

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, of HIV, is a deadly infectious disease that only human can contract and has become an epidemic according to several medical experts. Because it is an immunodeficiency disease, HIV profoundly weakens the immune system of the human by destroying significant cells that are meant to combat infection and disease (CDC, 2014). As such, if a person has a deficient immune system than they are vulnerable disease. As a virus, HIV takes a hold of a person by reproducing itself and seizing a person’s body. Like many other viruses, HIV often manifests itself first as Continue reading...

Infectious Diseases and Public Health: AIDS/HIV

Abstract:
Human immunodeficiency virus infection causes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The infection was first discovered in US in the year 1980 and currently the country has a high prevalence with 417 HIV positive individuals for every 100,000 people. Social stigma and discrimination against the affected people is an important factor hindering, public health care efforts, in reaching the patience, providing care and preventing the diseases spread. HIV is comparatively easier to control than other air born infectious diseases and can be prevented by taking suitable precautions. Safe and protected sexual practices and disuse of infected needles and blood can Continue reading...

HYGIENE IN WEALTHY NATIONS MAY INCREASE

Introduction p. 3-4
Physiology of Alzheimer’s Disease p. 4
“Friendly” Microbes p. 4-5
The Hygiene Hypothesis p. 5-6
The International Impact of Research p. 6-7
Age-Standardized Data p. 7
Bacterial Introduction During Oral Care p. 7-8
Skeptics of the Hygiene Hypothesis p. 8-9
Conclusion p. 9
Bibliography p. 10
Hygiene in Wealthy Nations May Increase Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease
1. Introduction:
Thousands of people are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease worldwide every day (WorldLifeExpectancy 2011). Patients change behavior, hallucinate, and lose the ability to talk, think, and remember their lives (Alzfdn.org 2015). Alzheimer’s is not a Continue reading...

Essay

Introduction
The choice of antimicrobial agent has a principal meaning for effective treatment of the infections which can be evoked by different causative pathogens. This paper reviews categories of antimicrobial agents, describes the differences between viral and bacterial infections and considers the importance of determining viral or bacterial etiology of the disease for choosing a specific antimicrobial agent.

Summary

All antimicrobials are basically divided into four broad categories: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic agents. This classification is based on the type\spectrum of microorganisms these drugs are targeted at, the way of their action and their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics ( Continue reading...

Acupuncture has found application in medicine for millennia, as a method that uses needles inserted into certain points (energy channels) thought to restore the balance of life or energy disrupted by disease. The technique emerged in ancient China as early as the 1600-1100 BC, and embodies traditional Chinese medical beliefs that health is merely equal to the balance of energy in the body, which may be disrupted by disease. The confidence in the therapeutic potential of acupuncture flows from the belief that forces that created the universe and whose interaction result in the balance within the body and the Continue reading...

The causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, treatment and demographic of interest of HIV/AIDs

Causes
The virus that transmits HIV/AIDS is present in blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk of mothers infected with the disease. In addition, the virus also exists in saliva, sweat and tears although at a percentage that cannot transmit it to a person. Since time immemorial, there has not been a single case reported as a result of shaking hands, sneezing, or via mosquito bites.
The most common ways of HIV/AIDS transmission are engaging in unprotected sex with an infected person, mother to child transmission through breastfeeding and sharing infected needles. The type of sex that transmits the Continue reading...

INH and INH-RPT Treatment for LTBI

Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is itself, a latent disease requiring chemical prophylaxis to forestall the onset of active tuberculosis. Treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection is a critical for patients with a high risk of developing active TB. This treatment is also considered central to the complete elimination of TB in the US and elsewhere in the world. Patient education on the risks of TB onset and medication discontinuation is important for the therapy’s success. While INH therapy can mitigate the risk of onset of TB diseases in immune-competent individuals by up to 90%, the failure to take Continue reading...

Introduction

Celiac disease (CD), also known as gluten enteropathy, is a life-long gluten-sensitive autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that affects genetically susceptible people all over the world. The disease is triggered by the consumption of gluten, which is a protein complex, typically found in barley, wheat, and rye. The disease affects the villi of the small intestine, preventing the body from absorbing nutrients, primarily fat, calcium, iron, and folate. In celiac disease, the body begins to attack itself whenever a genetically susceptible person eats gluten. At least 0.6 to 1.0% of the population worldwide is affected by this disease ( Continue reading...

Introduction

Breast milk is complete food for new born that contains nutrition required for growth, development, health and immunity of the infant. Breast milk is considered as a unique and unreplaceable source of food. Breast milk is essential not for the overall growth and development of new born but also for the mother. Infants are delicate and more exposed to different types of diseases. Therefore, it is important to provide them special care along with sufficient nourishment (Bertino et al., 2009). Different types of foods and infant formulas available in the market can only provide few or limited nutritional components Continue reading...

Cryptosporidium parvum is a waterborne disease caused by drinking or swallowing contaminated water. Aside from that, it also spreads by eating uncooked food and coming in contact with the feces of infected individuals or animals. The number of cases of Cryptosporidium reported in 2010 was 8,951. The usual rate of reported cases of Cryptosporidium is between 2.3% and 3.9% per 100,000 populations. However, the estimated number shows that the frequency of infection is 100 times higher than the number of reported cases. Cryptosporidium, which is a protozoan parasite, has its present everywhere around the world except Antarctica Continue reading...

Essay 1. Immune Systems

There are two major groups of foreign substances and microscopic organisms that the immune system of the body could distinguished. The first group are the antigens that are freely moving around the body which includes viruses and foreign cells. The second group are the cells displaying aberrant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins (Brito & Hinton, 1993). These cells includes self-cells which are invaded by the tumor cells and pathogens. In general, humoral immune response recognizes the antigens that are freely circulating around the body while the cell-mediated response recognizes the cells displaying aberrant MHC proteins (Rosenberg & Gallin, 1999).
The humoral Continue reading...

Hodgkin's disease or Hodgkin lymphoma is a kind of lymphoma or cancer occurring in the lymphatic system of the human body. Lymphatic system forms part of the immune system of the body. Cancer originates from the white blood cells, also called lymphocytes, and grows abnormally spreading to other parts of the body. The progress of Hodgkin’s disease adversely influences the ability of the body to fight diseases. The disease is known after Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, who first identified the disease. Since Hodgkin’s disease is the cancer of the lymphatic system, understanding the functioning of the lymphatic system Continue reading...

Introduction:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) suggests that food allergies are caused due to adverse immune response by the body on exposure to certain food; this reaction is different from the adverse response to food due to food intolerance, pharmacologic reactions and other toxin-mediated reactions (Shekelle, P., M. Maglione, and M. Riedl., 2010). It results from a Th2-polarized immune response to environmental proteins called allergens. In 90% of the cases of food allergies, 170 food proteins called allergens, are responsible. Some of these are nuts, legumes, fruits, egg, milk, and seafood.Animal protein allergens are more common among Continue reading...

ABSTRACT

Bacteria can be beneficial to other organisms or can be pathogenic. Their diversity and versatility have caused scientists to study them deeply. A classification procedure using morphological and biochemical tests have since been implemented in microbiological studies in order to characterize isolated microbes. In this experiment, two unknown bacteria were characterized using Gram staining and a number of metabolic assays. Using the tests results, the unknown bacteria were successfully classified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Unknown A) and Staphylococcus aureus. Both bacteria are commonly found within humans and are occasionally potentially dangerous especially for people with compromised immune system. Additional testing Continue reading...

 The Ebola virus outbreak of Western Africa is often in the news. Ebola virus is a member of the filoviruses, a negative-stranded RNA virus that causes bleeding both inside and outside of the body. The Ebola virus was originally identified during two outbreaks in Africa in 1976. Ebola virus is named for the Ebola River, where it was first identified in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa, and can kill as many as 90% of those who become infected. Ebola virus causes a hemorrhagic fever that damages the immune system and organs. Upon the early stages of Continue reading...

The aging community is on the rise and apart from the chronic diseases, the seniors have to deal with other issues like memory loss, dealing with wrinkles and looks and keeping pace with the fast life around. Chronic conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure and cancer set in. The increasing population of the aged also means that the health care costs will increase. However, the health of the aging population can be preserved and aging delayed by promoting healthy lifestyles as well as improving the use of clinical preventive services (Keeping the Aging Population Healthy).
The aging populations also Continue reading...

INTRODUCTION

Disease, particularly, virulent pathogens inspire a great deal of fear all around the world. People imagine terrifying diseases that run rampant through the populations on an apocalyptic scale. While some diseases, like the common cold and the flu, do not spark much concern, there are others whose mere names alone can put people into a panic; like small pox. However, there is another that is often remarked as the most frightening of all, That disease is the ebola virus, Ebola outbreaks are rare but when they occur it’s both dangerous and serious. One of these rare occasions unfortunately Continue reading...

Chemistry behind steroids and short term/long term impact on human body

Introduction 2
Chemistry 3
Mechanism of action inside the body 4
Short term and long term Impacts on the human body 5
Positive impacts 5
Adverse impacts 6
Conclusion 7

Works Cited 7

Introduction
The term steroid was coined by Callow and Young for a particular type of compounds containing hydrogenated cyclopentenophenanthrene-ring scheme. Steroids develop naturally inside the body. These compounds are associated chemically with cholesterol. Steroids include sterols, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, certain poisons and saponins (Schoenheimer and Evans Jr 139).
There are various types of steroids with different applications. Corticosteroids have a positive impact on the human body and are Continue reading...

Controlling Diabetes

Introduction
Diabetes is a group of diseases caused by faulty metabolism that results in ‘hyperglycemia’, which is an excess of glucose in the bloodstream (American Diabetes Association). The faulty metabolism is a manifestation of an inefficient manner of digestion of food for energy. The digestive tract breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which is a form of sugar. Glucose enters the bloodstream on digestion of food. Using the hormone insulin, the cells of the body absorb glucose and use it for energy. Diabetes is a condition when the body is not able to produce insulin or is not able to Continue reading...

1. Introduction
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that is not synthesized by the body and has to be obtained through diet and by the interaction of the UVB rays with the skin (Shuler et al. 2012, p. 496). A study on the levels of vitamin D in an average British adult showed that more than 50% of the adults had vitamin D deficiency and 16% of them exhibit severe insufficiency during winters (Hyppönen and Power 2007, p. 862). This low level of vitamin D synthesis in winter is attributed to the blockage of UVB rays reaching the Continue reading...

The institutional affiliation

Abstract
The research refers to nutrition, describes its effect on human body and discusses healthy
lifestyle essentials. It proves that diet consisting of reasonable amounts of primary nutrients together
with good eating habits and following guidelines provided by health institutions allow staying
active and healthy.

Human body is a well streamlined mechanism consisting of interactive elements which

supplement and complete each other. Together they form complex but perfect processes that allow
our subsistence. Nutrition interprets influence of food substances and nutrients on human organism,
its health and development. The science examines types and subgroups of nutrients, healthy diets,
illnesses caused by unbalanced or malnutrition and policies which regulate nutrition field on Continue reading...

The hyper metabolic reaction to serious burn wound is described by hyper active flow, physiological, catabolic and deep metabolic as well as immune system disorders. When there is lack of satisfaction to the irresistible vitality and protein supplies afterwards, and at the time of serious burn wound, consequences in dysfunction several organs, amplified vulnerability to contagion or death (Gabrielli et al., 2009). Weakening of the hyperactive metabolic reaction by several pharmacologic modes is evolving as an indispensable constituent of the organization of serious burn victims. This review emphasizes on the further current developments in therapeutic plans to weaken the Continue reading...

Definition of Disease Processpage 3

Signs and Symptomspages 4 -5
Diagnosis and Treatmentpages 5-6
Nursing Diagnosispages 6-7
Endocrinepage 6
Respiratorypage 6
Immunepage 6
Nervouspage 7
Musculoskeletalpage 7
Integumentarypage 7
Gastrointestinalpage 7
Urinarypage 7
Cardiovascularpage 7
Reproductivepage 7

Referencespage 8

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a neurologic disorder that affects the motor neurons of the brain and includes systemic nonmotor and neurologic symptoms (McCance, Huether, and Brashers 565). The disease is caused by the degeneration of the basal ganglia, affecting the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. There are primary and secondary causes of Parkinsonism. The primary causes include idiopathic and genetic. Conversely, secondary causes include neurodegenerative disorders, such as different Continue reading...

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QUESTION 1:
The possible causes for the symptoms described in this case are urethral stricture, prostatic enlargement and partial outflow obstruction of urinary bladder.
According to Huether and McCance (746), diagnosis in such a case is based on good clinical history, thorough examination and laboratory investigations. Uroflowmetry and multi-channel urodynamic testing is used to assess the urinary tract for obstruction. Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) should be done along with laboratory levels of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). For specific testing, Ultrasound Prostate with post-voidal Continue reading...

For my research paper on “Black Women in Feminism and the Media” I will be writing about the issue of Black Women and HIV/AIDS. This is one of the most disturbing and prevalent issue in our society today. The infectious nature of HIV, the high-priced retroviral medication and the weakening of the human immune system makes AIDS an epidemic. However, it is my opinion that in case of Black women, there is a larger problem surrounding this particular case. Women have been discriminated against through ages and the discrimination against African Americans has also been historical. This paper is Continue reading...

Final Case Study

Describe the Organism Responsible for the Outbreak and Any Recent Outbreaks this Organism may have caused.
In the case study data and statistics presented, one thing can be safely said: that the people who showed at least more than one symptom of illness out of the six that were mentioned (i.e. nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, headache, and stomach cramps), is suffering from a medical condition that may be a good candidate for an epidemiologic topic. The most challenging part in doing this case study would be the identification of the organism or in this case, pathogen that led to Continue reading...

1. Introduction
Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE) is a rare and underdiagnosed autoimmune condition caused by the formation of antithyroid antibodies. HE can occur independently or in association with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), which is also an autoimmune disease of the thyroid cells (Pavlovic, Pavlovic and Lackovic 2009, p. 383). Autoimmunity can be defined as an inflammatory immune response that is characterized by the formation of self-reactive cytotoxic T-cells or antibodies against the body’s own cells because of a maladaptive immune system. The autoantigen could be either tissue-specific (β-cells or thyroid) or systemic in origin. Usually, all the cells of Continue reading...

In USA, most of the people have the scientific knowledge in most of the sectors of life and development. However, most of them are always thinking of the breakthrough in new scientific discoveries, and they think very highly of the scientists, and they are valued to some extent. Most of the studies conducted show that people do have varied opinions about the scientists and science itself. Some have great respect to science in areas they feel they benefit while at some points they get to have different and diverse opinions about the new discoveries in science. A survey done Continue reading...

Intended audience: Congress

The paper’s purpose: Congress should make the vaccination of the school-aged children mandatory due to the fact that the specific prevention methods are becoming increasingly important at the struggle with infectious diseases.

Works Cited

The article "Efficacy And Safety Of The RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine During 18 Months After Vaccination: A Phase 3 Randomized, Controlled Trial In Children And Young Infants At 11 African Sites" reports on the outcomes of the investigations of the vaccination of children who could possibly suffer from Malaria (Meñaca 9). During 18 months, the scholars investigated the following three stages of the vaccination, which Continue reading...

In January this year, Michigan confirmed reports that measles, a highly-contagious infectious disease, has finally reached Michigan, which was originally determined to have begun in California’s Disneyland. Based on reports, the infected individual is an adult who lives in Oakland, Michigan. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Michigan joins the ranks of seven other states that reported having at least one infected patient. The CDC further stated that measles is a highly preventable communicable disease because of the availability of a vaccine for the disease. The Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH) remains Continue reading...

General purpose: to persuadeSpecific purpose: to persuade people stop tobacco use due to adverse effect on human healthThesis: Tobacco use has several health problems associated with it. Such include the ability to raise one’s blood pressure, increase the likelihood of one’s blood clotting and make it hard for one to exercise as well as robs one their good cholesterol.In addition, tobacco use especially cigarettes smoking increases one's risk for coronary heart diseases as well as significantly increasing their overall risk of their cardiovascular system.

How tobacco use affects the human body

The use of tobacco and its associated products is a direct risk factor Continue reading...

Abstract

The paper looks at the negative impacts of smoking and how it can usher in all those deadly diseases in one’s lives if they are not careful. Every year, cigarette smoking salad to hundreds and thousands of deaths, and it remains one of the major causes of death and illness worldwide. In spite of awareness and education, smoking remains a major health issue for the society.

Introduction

You may be exercising daily and eating healthier portions of food, feeling proud that none of that junk food goes inside your body. However, if you regularly smoke, then all those healthy Continue reading...

Background

The state of well-being within the human body is described as being in health. There are certain human body mechanisms that have to occur in order for a person to feel that he/she is in good health. A minor variation of the conditions of human health usually leads to a state of abnormality in regard to the functions of various organs, tissues and cells within the human body, a scenario described as being in ill-health. The thyroid gland is one of imperative human body parts that play a significant role in regulating certain functions within the human body. It Continue reading...

Leukemia is the most common types of cancer that affect children. It accounts to approximately 25 percent of all childhood cancers. It is a type of cancer that affects the blood or bone marrow. Approximately 2,200 children are affected each year in the United States alone (National Cancer Institute, 2014).

Causes and Risk Factors

As is true for all forms of leukemia, scientists are not exactly sure what causes the disease. In the case of childhood leukemia, research interest is intensive. Childhood leukemia cannot be attributed to one specific risk factor. As with most cancers, the potential causes are cumulative and people Continue reading...

Nutrients are substances found in our food that are used for producing energy, maintaining the structure of the body and regulating the various chemical processes occurring in the body (McGuire & Beerman, 2013). Our body requires various nutrients that include fats and carbohydrates, mineral and vitamins. Proteins, carbohydrates and fats, known as macronutrients, give the energy required for healthy body functioning. Micronutrients like calcium and phosphorus are essential for giving strength to the bones and teeth. Vitamins of various kinds are also micronutrients needed to facilitate various chemical reactions in the body to protect the cells from the damaging effects Continue reading...

Chapter 7: Learning

How Do We Learn?
What is learning, and what are some basic forms of learning?
Learning: the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
Humans learn by association, our minds naturally connect events that happen in order.
Associative learning: learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (operant conditioning).

Stimulus: any event or situation that evokes a response.

Cognitive learning: the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.
Classical Conditioning
What are the basic components of classical conditioning, and what was behaviorism’s view of learning?
Continue reading...

Metabolic Physiology of Domestic Animals

Introduction
For domestic animals such as cattle to have sound immune systems they need to have vitamin and mineral nutrition in the diets. Some of the minerals such Selenium is naturally found in animal feeds, but they can be manufactured through the use of residue from the manufacture of copper. Good nutrition in animals help in their growth and development thus there is a need to ensure that the cattle feeds has the right quantity of vitamins and minerals. The nutrition also helps in calf weight gain and reproductive performance. One of the most recommended minerals in domestic animals Continue reading...

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There has been a long, on-going debate about the issue of mothers with young babies having to either breastfeed them or bottle-feed them especially when in public. Breastfeeding is a relatively primitive method of feeding a child who has its own benefits, of health and well-being of the child and the mother. On the other hand, there is formula feeding which has its own advantages of feeding along with the added comfort of feeding; however, it has its disadvantages as well. Both these methods are used separately Continue reading...

PerfectBiotics is a product that will almost certainly change your life. There are a number of weight loss products out there, and all of them promise the same thing: instant results, life-changing appearances, and so on. Some of them probably work, but with almost all of them, there is a catch (Genuine Honest Reviews, 2014). PerfectBiotics is different. It is an all-natural solution to the fat-burning problem; it will give you everything you want from a supplement without any of the guesswork (HighYa, 2015). Here are four reasons why you can rest assured that PerfectBiotics will change your life Continue reading...

Abstract

Scientific researches show that milk was not always the American staple that it became in the 20th century. Nevertheless, milk has been preached as a diet staple that should not be missed in any diet, least, an individual deprives himself from the necessary vitamins and minerals that milk has to offer. Social media public figures would often quip ‘Got Milk,’ to let their fans know that there is so much that milk has to offer health-wise. The Milk Processor Education program already changed their slogan from ‘Got Milk’ to ‘Milk Life’ to give importance on milk in people’s Continue reading...

Cancer, be it any form, is dangerous and life threatening. Lung cancer currently is one of the leading cancers seen worldwide. According to the reports on estimation of Lung cancer cases by the American Cancer Society, in 2015 there will be approximately 221,200 new cases in USA. Also lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the world (not considering skin cancer) in both males and females after prostate and breast cancer respectively (American Cancer Society, 2015).

ETIOLOGY

A number of factors are responsible for the causation of lung cancer. In some cases the causative factor may be Continue reading...